Linux最常用的命令列表（推荐）

转自：http://www.linuxguide.it/linux_commands_line_en.htm 

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Linux Commands Line - v1.0 last changes 01 Jan 2008 08.18 am

cmd line | command line | commands linux

The most complete and updated list of commands on linux by LinuxGuide.it - over 350 commands!       COMMAND DESCRIPTION   System information arch show architecture of machine uname -r show used kernel version dmidecode -q show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI) hdaparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk hdparm -tT /dev/sda perform test reading on a hard-disk cat /proc/cpuinfo show information CPU info cat /proc/interrupts show interrupts cat /proc/meminfo verify memory use cat /proc/swaps show file(s) swap cat /proc/version show version of the kernel cat /proc/net/dev show network adpters and statistics cat /proc/mounts show mounted file system(s) lspci -tv display PCI devices lsusb -tv show USB devices date show system date cal 2007 show the timetable of 2007 date 041217002007.00  set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi clock -w
save changes on BIOS linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout shutdown -h now shutdown system init 0 shutdown -r hours:minutes & planned shutdown of the system shutdown -c cancel a planned shutdown of the system shutdown -r now reboot reboot logout leaving session linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Files and Directory cd /home enter to directory '/ home' cd .. go back one level cd ../.. go back two levels cd go to home directory cd ~utente go to home directory cd - go to previous directory pwd show the path of work directory ls view files of directory ls -F view files of directory ls -l show details of files and directory ls -a show hidden files ls *[0-9]* show files and directory containing numbers lstree show files and directories in a tree starting from root mkdir dir1 create a directory called 'dir1' mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories simultaneously mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree rm -f file1 delete file called 'file1' rmdir dir1 delete directory called 'dir1' rm -rf dir1 remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories and their contents recursively mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a file or directory cp file1 file2 copying a file cp dir/* . copy all files of a directory within the current work directory cp -a /tmp/dir1 . copy a directory within the current work directory cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory ln -s file1 lnk1  create a symbolic link to file or directory ln file1 lnk1 create a physical link to file or directory touch -t 0712250000 fileditest modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm) linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it File search find / -name file1 search file and directory into root filesystem from '/' find / -user user1 search files and directories belonging to 'user1' find /home/user1 -name *.bin search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'  find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 search files created or changed within 10 days find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ; search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits find / -name *.rpm -xdev search files with  '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.… locate *.ps find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command whereis halt show location of a binary file, source or man which halt show full path to a binary / executable linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Mounting a Filesystem mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2' umount /dev/hda2 unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first fuser -km /mnt/hda2 force umount when the device is busy umount -n /mnt/hda2 run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or iso image mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Disk Space df -h show list of partitions mounted ls -lSr |more show size of the files and directories ordered by size du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory 'dir1' du -sh * | sort -rn  show size of the files and directories sorted by size rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}/t%{NAME}/n' | sort -k1,1n show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like) dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}/t${Package}/n' | sort -k1,1n show space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like) linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Users and Groups groupadd group_name create a new group groupdel group_name delete a group groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name rename a group useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 create a new user belongs "admin" group useradd user1 create a new user userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory) usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 change user attributes passwd change password passwd user1 change a user password (only by root) chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline for user password pwck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd'  and users existence grpck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group'  and groups existence newgrp group_name log in to a new group to change default group of newly created files linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove ls -lh show permits ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns chmod ugo+rwx directory1 set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o) chmod go-rwx directory1 remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or chown user1 file1 change owner of a file chown user1 -R directory1 change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside chgrp gruppo1 file1 change group of files chown user1:gruppo1 file1 change user and group ownership of a file find / -perm -u+s view all files on the system with SUID configured chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner chmod u-s /bin/file_binario disable SUID bit on a binary file chmod g+s /home/public set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory chmod g-s /home/public disable SGID bit on a directory chmod o+t /home/comune set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners chmod o-t /home/comune disable STIKY bit on a directory linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove chattr +a file1 allows write opening of a file only append mode chattr +c file1 allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel chattr +d file1 makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup chattr +i file1 makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked chattr +s file1 allows a file to be deleted safely chattr +S  file1 makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync chattr +u file1 allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled lsattr show specials attributes linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Archives and compressed files bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompress a file called 'file1.bz2' bzip2 file1 compress a file called 'file1' gunzip file1.gz decompress a file called 'file1.gz' gzip file1 compress a file called 'file1' gzip -9 file1 compress with maximum compression rar a file1.rar test_file create an archive rar called 'file1.rar' rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously rar x file1.rar decompress rar archive unrar x file1.rar decompress rar archive tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' tar -tf archive.tar show contents of an archive tar -xvf archive.tar extract a tarball tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp extract a tarball into / tmp tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a tarball compressed into bzip2 tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2 tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a tarball compressed into gzip tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip zip file1.zip file1 create an archive compressed in zip zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously unzip file1.zip decompress a zip archive linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like rpm -ivh package.rpm install a rpm package rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests rpm -U package.rpm upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files rpm -F package.rpm upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed rpm -e package_name.rpm remove a rpm package rpm -qa show all rpm packages installed on the system rpm -qa | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd" rpm -qi package_name obtain information on a specific package installed rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" show rpm packages of a group software rpm -ql package_name show list of files provided by a rpm package installed rpm -qc package_name show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed rpm -q package_name --whatrequires show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet rpm -q package_name --whatprovides show capability provided by a rpm package rpm -q package_name --scripts show scripts started during installation / removal rpm -q package_name --changelog show history of revisions of a rpm package rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which rpm package belongs to a given file rpm -qp package.rpm  -l show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public-key digital signature rpm --checksig package.rpm verify the integrity of a rpm package rpm -qa gpg-pubkey verify integrity of all rpm packages installed rpm -V package_name check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification rpm -Va check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution rpm -Vp package.rpm verify a rpm package not yet installed rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories  *bin* extract executable file from a rpm package rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm install a package built from a rpm source rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm build a rpm package from a rpm source linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like yum install package_name download and install a rpm package yum update update all rpm packages installed on the system yum update package_name upgrade a rpm package yum remove package_name remove a rpm package yum list list all packages installed on the system yum search package_name find a package on rpm repository yum clean packages clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages yum clean headers remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency yum clean all remove from the cache packages and headers files linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like dpkg -i package.deb install / upgrade a deb package dpkg -r package_name remove a deb package from the system dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on the system dpkg -l | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd" dpkg -s package_name obtain information on a specific package installed on system dpkg -L package_name show list of files provided by a package installed on system dpkg --contents package.deb show list of files provided by a package not yet installed dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a given file linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like apt-get install package_name install / upgrade a deb package apt-cdrom install package_name install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom apt-get update update all deb packages installed on system apt-get remove package_name remove a deb package from system apt-get check verify correct resolution of dependencies apt-get clean clean up cache from packages downloaded linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it View file content cat file1 view the contents of a file starting from the first row tac file1 view the contents of a file starting from the last line more file1 view content of a file along less file1 similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement head -2 file1 view first two lines of a file tail -2 file1 view last two lines of a file tail -f /var/log/messages view in real time what is added to a file linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Text Manipulation cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txt syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new file cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> result.txt syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result in existing file grep Aug /var/log/messages look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' grep ^Aug /var/log/messages look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' grep [0-9] /var/log/messages select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers grep Aug -R /var/log/* search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below grep Aug /var/log/messages write result of a search within a file sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt sed '/^$/d' example.txt remove all blank lines from example.txt sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt remove comments and blank lines from example.txt echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' convert from lower case in upper case sed -e '1d' result.txt eliminates the first line from file example.txt sed -n '/stringa1/p' view only lines that contain the word "string1" sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt remove empty characters at the end of each row sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt view from 1th to 5th row sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt view row number 5 sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replace more zeros with a single zero cat -n file1 number row of a file cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' remove all even lines from example.txt echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' view the first column of a line echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' view the first and third column of a line paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns paste  -d  '+' file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center sort file1 file2 sort contents of two files sort file1 file2 | uniq sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated sort file1 file2 | uniq -u sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line comm -1 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1' comm -2 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2' comm -3 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Character set and Format file conversion dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html convert a text file to html recode -l | more show all available formats conversion linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Filesystem Analysis badblocks  -v  /dev/hda1 check bad blocks in disk hda1 fsck  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1 fsck.ext2  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 e2fsck  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 fsck.ext3  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 fsck.vfat  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1 fsck.msdos  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1 dosfsck  /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1 linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Format a Filesystem mkfs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition mke2fs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 create a FAT32 filesystem fdformat  -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it SWAP filesystem mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem swapon /dev/hda3 activating a new swap partition swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3  activate two swap partitions linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Backup dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home  make a full backup of directory '/home' dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home  make a incremental backup of directory '/home' restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restoring a backup interactively rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp synchronization between directories rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp  rsync via SSH tunnel rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user' ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'  copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it CDROM cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force clean a rewritable cdrom mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso create an iso image of cdrom on disk mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd create an iso image of a directory cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso mount an ISO image cd-paranoia -B rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files cd-paranoia -- "-3" rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Networking - LAN and WiFi ifconfig eth0 show configuration of an ethernet network card ifup eth0 activate an interface 'eth0' ifdown eth0 disable an interface 'eth0' ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 configure IP Address ifconfig eth0 promisc configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing) dhclient eth0 active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode route -n show routing table route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16' route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing hostname show hostname host www.linuxguide.it lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa ip link show show link status of all interfaces mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0' ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0' netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic iwlist scan show wireless networks iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Microsoft Windows networks - SAMBA nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows host smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download files from a host windows via smb mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it IPTABLES - firewall iptables -t filter -L show all chains of filtering table iptables -t nat -L show all chains of nat table iptables -t filter -F clear all rules from filtering table iptables -t nat -F clear all rules from table nat iptables -t filter -X delete any chains created by user iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT allow telnet connections to input iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP block HTTP connections to output iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT allow POP3 connections to forward chain iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT" logging sulla chain di input  Logging on chain input iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 redirect packets addressed to a host to another host linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Monitoring and debugging top display linux tasks using most cpu ps -eafw displays linux tasks ps -e -o pid,args --forest displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode pstree  mostra un albero dei processi sistema Shows a tree system processes kill -9 ID_Processo force closure of the process and finish it kill -1 ID_Processo force a process to reload configuration lsof -p $$ display a list of files opened by processes lsof /home/user1 displays a list of open files in a given path system strace -c ls >/dev/null display system calls made and received by a process strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null display library calls watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' display interrupts in real-time last reboot show history reboot lsmod display kernel loaded free -m displays status of RAM in megabytes smartctl -A /dev/hda monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART smartctl -i /dev/hda check if SMART is active on a hard-disk tail /var/log/dmesg show events inherent to the process of booting kernel tail /var/log/messages show system events linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it Other useful commands mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` create a boot floppy gpg -c file1 encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard gpg file1.gpg decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard wget -r www.example.com download an entire web site wget -c www.example.com/file.iso download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00 start a download at any given time ldd ssh show shared libraries required by ssh program alias hh='history' set an alias for a command - hh = history