Linux命令行大全 v1.0

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导读：
　　
　　System information
　　arch show architecture of machine
　　uname -r show used kernel version
　　dmidecode -q show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
　　hdaparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk
　　hdparm -tT /dev/sda perform test reading on a hard-disk
　　cat /proc/cpuinfo show information CPU info
　　cat /proc/interrupts show interrupts
　　cat /proc/meminfo verify memory use
　　cat /proc/swaps show file(s) swap
　　cat /proc/version show version of the kernel
　　cat /proc/net/dev show network adpters and statistics
　　cat /proc/mounts show mounted file system(s)
　　lspci -tv display PCI devices
　　lsusb -tv show USB devices
　　date show system date
　　cal 2007 show the timetable of 2007
　　date 041217002007.00 set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi
　　clock -w save changes on BIOS
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout
　　shutdown -h now shutdown system
　　init 0
　　shutdown -r hours:minutes & planned shutdown of the system
　　shutdown -c cancel a planned shutdown of the system
　　shutdown -r now reboot
　　reboot
　　logout leaving session
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Files and Directory
　　cd /home enter to directory '/ home'
　　cd .. go back one level
　　cd ../.. go back two levels
　　cd go to home directory
　　cd ~utente go to home directory
　　cd - go to previous directory
　　pwd show the path of work directory
　　ls view files of directory
　　ls -F view files of directory
　　ls -l show details of files and directory
　　ls -a show hidden files
　　ls *[0-9]* show files and directory containing numbers
　　lstree show files and directories in a tree starting from root
　　mkdir dir1 create a directory called 'dir1'
　　mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories simultaneously
　　mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree
　　rm -f file1 delete file called 'file1'
　　rmdir dir1 delete directory called 'dir1'
　　rm -rf dir1 remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively
　　rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories and their contents recursively
　　mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a file or directory
　　cp file1 file2 copying a file
　　cp dir/* . copy all files of a directory within the current work directory
　　cp -a /tmp/dir1 . copy a directory within the current work directory
　　cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory
　　ln -s file1 lnk1 create a symbolic link to file or directory
　　ln file1 lnk1 create a physical link to file or directory
　　touch -t 0712250000 fileditest modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　File search
　　find / -name file1 search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'
　　find / -user user1 search files and directories belonging to 'user1'
　　find /home/user1 -name *.bin search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'
　　find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days
　　find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 search files created or changed within 10 days
　　find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ; search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits
　　find / -name *.rpm -xdev search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…
　　locate *.ps find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command
　　whereis halt show location of a binary file, source or man
　　which halt show full path to a binary / executable
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Mounting a Filesystem
　　mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'
　　umount /dev/hda2 unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first
　　fuser -km /mnt/hda2 force umount when the device is busy
　　umount -n /mnt/hda2 run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full
　　mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk
　　mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom
　　mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom
　　mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom
　　mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or iso image
　　mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system
　　mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive
　　mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Disk Space
　　df -h show list of partitions mounted
　　ls -lSr |more show size of the files and directories ordered by size
　　du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory 'dir1'
　　du -sh * | sort -rn show size of the files and directories sorted by size
　　rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}/t%{NAME}/n' | sort -k1,1n show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like)
　　dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}/t${Package}/n' | sort -k1,1n show space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like)
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Users and Groups
　　groupadd group_name create a new group
　　groupdel group_name delete a group
　　groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name rename a group
　　useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 create a new user belongs "admin" group
　　useradd user1 create a new user
　　userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)
　　usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 change user attributes
　　passwd change password
　　passwd user1 change a user password (only by root)
　　chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline for user password
　　pwck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence
　　grpck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence
　　newgrp group_name log in to a new group to change default group of newly created files
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
　　ls -lh show permits
　　ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns
　　chmod ugo+rwx directory1 set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)
　　chmod go-rwx directory1 remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or
　　chown user1 file1 change owner of a file
　　chown user1 -R directory1 change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside
　　chgrp gruppo1 file1 change group of files
　　chown user1:gruppo1 file1 change user and group ownership of a file
　　find / -perm -u+s view all files on the system with SUID configured
　　chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner
　　chmod u-s /bin/file_binario disable SUID bit on a binary file
　　chmod g+s /home/public set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory
　　chmod g-s /home/public disable SGID bit on a directory
　　chmod o+t /home/comune set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners
　　chmod o-t /home/comune disable STIKY bit on a directory
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
　　chattr +a file1 allows write opening of a file only append mode
　　chattr +c file1 allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel
　　chattr +d file1 makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup
　　chattr +i file1 makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked
　　chattr +s file1 allows a file to be deleted safely
　　chattr +S file1 makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync
　　chattr +u file1 allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled
　　lsattr show specials attributes
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Archives and compressed files
　　bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'
　　bzip2 file1 compress a file called 'file1'
　　gunzip file1.gz decompress a file called 'file1.gz'
　　gzip file1 compress a file called 'file1'
　　gzip -9 file1 compress with maximum compression
　　rar a file1.rar test_file create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'
　　rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously
　　rar x file1.rar decompress rar archive
　　unrar x file1.rar decompress rar archive
　　tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball
　　tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
　　tar -tf archive.tar show contents of an archive
　　tar -xvf archive.tar extract a tarball
　　tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp extract a tarball into / tmp
　　tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a tarball compressed into bzip2
　　tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2
　　tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a tarball compressed into gzip
　　tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip
　　zip file1.zip file1 create an archive compressed in zip
　　zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously
　　unzip file1.zip decompress a zip archive
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like
　　rpm -ivh package.rpm install a rpm package
　　rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests
　　rpm -U package.rpm upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files
　　rpm -F package.rpm upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed
　　rpm -e package_name.rpm remove a rpm package
　　rpm -qa show all rpm packages installed on the system
　　rpm -qa | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
　　rpm -qi package_name obtain information on a specific package installed
　　rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" show rpm packages of a group software
　　rpm -ql package_name show list of files provided by a rpm package installed
　　rpm -qc package_name show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed
　　rpm -q package_name --whatrequires show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet
　　rpm -q package_name --whatprovides show capability provided by a rpm package
　　rpm -q package_name --scripts show scripts started during installation / removal
　　rpm -q package_name --changelog show history of revisions of a rpm package
　　rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which rpm package belongs to a given file
　　rpm -qp package.rpm -l show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed
　　rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public-key digital signature
　　rpm --checksig package.rpm verify the integrity of a rpm package
　　rpm -qa gpg-pubkey verify integrity of all rpm packages installed
　　rpm -V package_name check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification
　　rpm -Va check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution
　　rpm -Vp package.rpm verify a rpm package not yet installed
　　rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* extract executable file from a rpm package
　　rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm install a package built from a rpm source
　　rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm build a rpm package from a rpm source
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like
　　yum install package_name download and install a rpm package
　　yum update update all rpm packages installed on the system
　　yum update package_name upgrade a rpm package
　　yum remove package_name remove a rpm package
　　yum list list all packages installed on the system
　　yum search package_name find a package on rpm repository
　　yum clean packages clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages
　　yum clean headers remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency
　　yum clean all remove from the cache packages and headers files
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like
　　dpkg -i package.deb install / upgrade a deb package
　　dpkg -r package_name remove a deb package from the system
　　dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on the system
　　dpkg -l | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
　　dpkg -s package_name obtain information on a specific package installed on system
　　dpkg -L package_name show list of files provided by a package installed on system
　　dpkg --contents package.deb show list of files provided by a package not yet installed
　　dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a given file
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like
　　apt-get install package_name install / upgrade a deb package
　　apt-cdrom install package_name install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom
　　apt-get update update all deb packages installed on system
　　apt-get remove package_name remove a deb package from system
　　apt-get check verify correct resolution of dependencies
　　apt-get clean clean up cache from packages downloaded
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　View file content
　　cat file1 view the contents of a file starting from the first row
　　tac file1 view the contents of a file starting from the last line
　　more file1 view content of a file along
　　less file1 similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement
　　head -2 file1 view first two lines of a file
　　tail -2 file1 view last two lines of a file
　　tail -f /var/log/messages view in real time what is added to a file
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Text Manipulation
　　cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >result.txt syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new file
　　cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >>result.txt syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result in existing file
　　grep Aug /var/log/messages look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
　　grep ^Aug /var/log/messages look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
　　grep [0-9] /var/log/messages select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers
　　grep Aug -R /var/log/* search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below
　　grep Aug /var/log/messages write result of a search within a file
　　sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt
　　sed '/^$/d' example.txt remove all blank lines from example.txt
　　sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt remove comments and blank lines from example.txt
　　echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' convert from lower case in upper case
　　sed -e '1d' result.txt eliminates the first line from file example.txt
　　sed -n '/stringa1/p' view only lines that contain the word "string1"
　　sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt remove empty characters at the end of each row
　　sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all
　　sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt view from 1th to 5th row
　　sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt view row number 5
　　sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replace more zeros with a single zero
　　cat -n file1 number row of a file
　　cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' remove all even lines from example.txt
　　echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' view the first column of a line
　　echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' view the first and third column of a line
　　paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns
　　paste -d '+' file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center
　　sort file1 file2 sort contents of two files
　　sort file1 file2 | uniq sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated
　　sort file1 file2 | uniq -u sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line
　　sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line
　　comm -1 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'
　　comm -2 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'
　　comm -3 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Character set and Format file conversion
　　dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
　　unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS
　　recode ..HTML page.html convert a text file to html
　　recode -l | more show all available formats conversion
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Filesystem Analysis
　　badblocks -v /dev/hda1 check bad blocks in disk hda1
　　fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1
　　fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
　　e2fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
　　e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
　　fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
　　fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1
　　fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1
　　dosfsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Format a Filesystem
　　mkfs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition
　　mke2fs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition
　　mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition
　　mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 create a FAT32 filesystem
　　fdformat -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk
　　mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　SWAP filesystem
　　mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem
　　swapon /dev/hda3 activating a new swap partition
　　swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 activate two swap partitions
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Backup
　　dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a full backup of directory '/home'
　　dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a incremental backup of directory '/home'
　　restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restoring a backup interactively
　　rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp synchronization between directories
　　rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp rsync via SSH tunnel
　　rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression
　　rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression
　　dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh
　　tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'
　　( cd /tmp/local/ &&tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ &&tar x -p' copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh
　　( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home &&tar x -p' copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh
　　tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ;tar xf - ) local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another
　　find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another
　　find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 >log.tar.bz2 find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive
　　dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy
　　dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　CDROM
　　cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force clean a rewritable cdrom
　　mkisofs /dev/cdrom >cd.iso create an iso image of cdrom on disk
　　mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip >cd_iso.gz create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk
　　mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd create an iso image of a directory
　　cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image
　　gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image
　　mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso mount an ISO image
　　cd-paranoia -B rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files
　　cd-paranoia -- "-3" rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files
　　cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Networking - LAN and WiFi
　　ifconfig eth0 show configuration of an ethernet network card
　　ifup eth0 activate an interface 'eth0'
　　ifdown eth0 disable an interface 'eth0'
　　ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 configure IP Address
　　ifconfig eth0 promisc configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing)
　　dhclient eth0 active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode
　　route -n show routing table
　　route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway
　　route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'
　　route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route
　　echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing
　　hostname show hostname
　　host www.linuxguide.it lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
　　ip link show show link status of all interfaces
　　mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0'
　　ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0'
　　netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID
　　netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID
　　tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic
　　iwlist scan show wireless networks
　　iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Microsoft Windows networks - SAMBA
　　nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution
　　nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution
　　smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows host
　　smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download files from a host windows via smb
　　mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　IPTABLES - firewall
　　iptables -t filter -L show all chains of filtering table
　　iptables -t nat -L show all chains of nat table
　　iptables -t filter -F clear all rules from filtering table
　　iptables -t nat -F clear all rules from table nat
　　iptables -t filter -X delete any chains created by user
　　iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT allow telnet connections to input
　　iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP block HTTP connections to output
　　iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT allow POP3 connections to forward chain
　　iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT" logging sulla chain di input Logging on chain input
　　iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets
　　iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 redirect packets addressed to a host to another host
　　linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
　　Monitoring and debugging
　　top display linux tasks using most cpu
　　ps -eafw displays linux tasks
　　ps -e -o pid,args --forest displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode

本文转自
http://www.linuxguide.it/linux_commands_line_en.htm