(待翻译)github入门之遇到SSH Permission Denied问题的原因和解决
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安装好Github之后,要在一台电脑上使用github从服务器上clone一个项目,则必须确保该机器的SSH指纹加入了你的Github账号设置中。如果没有设置的话,则会显示:严重错误,权限拒绝等提示。
将机器指纹加入设置的过程,其实相当于认证账号,实现免密码登录的过程。生成一个机器的公有密钥提供给Github记住,一旦机器以对应的私有密钥身份访问Github时,就会与公钥进行配对解码,进而获得认证。
密钥的生成过程如下:(来自Github官网,待翻译)
Generating SSH key
SSH keys are a way to identify trusted computers, without involving passwords. The steps below will walk you through generating an SSH key and adding the public key to your GitHub account.
We recommend that you regularly review your SSH keys list and revoke any that haven't been used in a while.
Tip: If you have GitHub for Windows installed, you can use it to clone repositories and not deal with SSH keys. It also comes with the Git Bash tool, which is the preferred way of running git
commands on Windows.
Step 1: Check for SSH keys
First, we need to check for existing SSH keys on your computer. Open Git Bash and enter:
ls -al ~/.ssh# Lists the files in your .ssh directory, if they exist
Check the directory listing to see if you already have a public SSH key. By default, the filenames of the public keys are one of the following:
- id_dsa.pub
- id_ecdsa.pub
- id_ed25519.pub
- id_rsa.pub
If you see an existing public and private key pair listed (for example id_rsa.pub and id_rsa) that you would like to use to connect to GitHub, you can skip Step 2 and go straight to Step 3.
Tip: If you receive an error that ~/.ssh doesn't exist, don't worry! We'll create it in Step 2.
Step 2: Generate a new SSH key
With Git Bash still open, copy and paste the text below. Make sure you substitute in your GitHub email address.
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"# Creates a new ssh key, using the provided email as a label# Generating public/private rsa key pair.
We strongly suggest keeping the default settings as they are, so when you're prompted to "Enter a file in which to save the key", just press Enter to continue.
# Enter file in which to save the key (/Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa): [Press enter]
You'll be asked to enter a passphrase.
# Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Type a passphrase]# Enter same passphrase again: [Type passphrase again]
Tip: We strongly recommend a very good, secure passphrase. For more information, see "Working with SSH key passphrases".
After you enter a passphrase, you'll be given the fingerprint, or id, of your SSH key. It will look something like this:
# Your identification has been saved in /Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa.# Your public key has been saved in /Users/you/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.# The key fingerprint is:# 01:0f:f4:3b:ca:85:d6:17:a1:7d:f0:68:9d:f0:a2:db your_email@example.com
Step 3: Add your key to the ssh-agent
To configure the ssh-agent program to use your SSH key:
If you have GitHub for Windows installed, you can use it to clone repositories and not deal with SSH keys. It also comes with the Git Bash tool, which is the preferred way of running git
commands on Windows.
Ensure ssh-agent is enabled:
If you are using Git Bash, turn on ssh-agent:
# start the ssh-agent in the backgroundssh-agent -s# Agent pid 59566
If you are using another terminal prompt, such as msysgit, turn on ssh-agent:
# start the ssh-agent in the backgroundeval $(ssh-agent -s)# Agent pid 59566
Add your SSH key to the ssh-agent:
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Tip: If you didn't generate a new SSH key in Step 2, and used an existing SSH key instead, you will need to replaceid_rsa in the above command with the name of your existing private key file.
Step 4: Add your SSH key to your account
To configure your GitHub account to use your SSH key:
Copy the SSH key to your clipboard. If your key is named id_dsa.pub
, id_ecdsa.pub
orid_ed25519.pub
, then change the filename below from id_rsa.pub to the one that matches your key:
clip < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub# Copies the contents of the id_rsa.pub file to your clipboard
Warning: It's important to copy the key exactly without adding newlines or whitespace.
Add the copied key to GitHub:
In the top right corner of any page, click your profile photo, then click Settings.
In the user settings sidebar, click SSH keys.
Click Add SSH key.
- In the Title field, add a descriptive label for the new key. For example, if you're using a personal Mac, you might call this key "Personal MacBook Air".
- Paste your key into the "Key" field.
- Click Add key.
- Confirm the action by entering your GitHub password.
Step 5: Test the connection
To make sure everything is working, you'll now try to SSH into GitHub. When you do this, you will be asked to authenticate this action using your password, which is the SSH key passphrase you created earlier.
Open Git Bash and enter:
ssh -T git@github.com# Attempts to ssh to GitHub
You may see this warning:
# The authenticity of host 'github.com (207.97.227.239)' can't be established.# RSA key fingerprint is 16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.# Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
Verify the fingerprint in the message you see matches the following message, then type
yes
:# Hi username! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not# provide shell access.
If the username in the message is yours, you've successfully set up your SSH key!
If you receive a message about "access denied," you can read these instructions for diagnosing the issue.
If you're switching from HTTPS to SSH, you'll now need to update your remote repository URLs. For more information, see Changing a remote's URL.
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