提高MySQL 查询效率的三个技巧

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导读:
  MySQL由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.我在开发一个P2P应用的时候曾经使用MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效.以下是我在使用过程中做的提高效率的三个有效的尝试.1. 使用statement进行绑定查询2. 随机的获取记录3. 使用连接池管理连接.
  
  MySQL由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.我在开发一个P2P应用的时候曾经使用MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效.以下是我在使用过程中做的提高效率的三个有效的尝试.
  
  l 使用statement进行绑定查询
  使用statement可以提前构建查询语法树,在查询时不再需要构建语法树就直接查询.因此可以很好的提高查询的效率. 这个方法适合于查询条件固定但查询非常频繁的场合.
  使用方法是:
  绑定, 创建一个MYSQL_STMT变量,与对应的查询字符串绑定,字符串中的问号代表要传入的变量,每个问号都必须指定一个变量.
  查询, 输入每个指定的变量, 传入MYSQL_STMT变量用可用的连接句柄执行.
  代码如下:
  
  //1.绑定
  bool CDBManager::BindInsertStmt(MYSQL * connecthandle)
  {
  //作插入操作的绑定
  MYSQL_BIND insertbind[FEILD_NUM];
  if(m_stInsertParam == NULL)
  m_stInsertParam = new CHostCacheTable;
  m_stInsertStmt = mysql_stmt_init(connecthandle);
  //构建绑定字符串
  char insertSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
  strcpy(insertSQL, "insert into HostCache(SessionID, ChannelID, ISPType, "
  "ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort) "
  "values(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
  mysql_stmt_prepare(m_stInsertStmt, insertSQL, strlen(insertSQL));
  int param_count= mysql_stmt_param_count(m_stInsertStmt);
  if(param_count != FEILD_NUM)
  return false;
  //填充bind结构数组, m_sInsertParam是这个statement关联的结构变量
  memset(insertbind, 0, sizeof(insertbind));
  insertbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
  insertbind[0].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
  insertbind[0].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->sessionid;
  insertbind[0].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[0].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
  insertbind[1].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
  insertbind[1].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->channelid;
  insertbind[1].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[1].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
  insertbind[2].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->ISPtype;
  insertbind[2].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[2].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
  insertbind[3].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalIP;
  insertbind[3].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[3].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
  insertbind[4].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalPort;
  insertbind[4].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[4].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
  insertbind[5].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalIP;
  insertbind[5].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[5].length = 0;
  
  insertbind[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
  insertbind[6].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalPort;
  insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
  insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
  //绑定
  if (mysql_stmt_bind_param(m_stInsertStmt, insertbind))
  return false;
  return true;
  }
  
  //2.查询
  bool CDBManager::InsertHostCache2(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid, char * channelid, int ISPtype, /
  unsigned int eIP, unsigned short eport, unsigned int iIP, unsigned short iport)
  {
  //填充结构变量m_sInsertParam
  strcpy(m_stInsertParam->sessionid, sessionid);
  strcpy(m_stInsertParam->channelid, channelid);
  m_stInsertParam->ISPtype = ISPtype;
  m_stInsertParam->externalIP = eIP;
  m_stInsertParam->externalPort = eport;
  m_stInsertParam->internalIP = iIP;
  m_stInsertParam->internalPort = iport;
  //执行statement,性能瓶颈处
  if(mysql_stmt_execute(m_stInsertStmt))
  return false;
  return true;
  }
  
  l 随机的获取记录
  在某些数据库的应用中, 我们并不是要获取所有的满足条件的记录,而只是要随机挑选出满足条件的记录. 这种情况常见于数据业务的统计分析,从大容量数据库中获取小量的数据的场合.
  有两种方法可以做到
  1. 常规方法,首先查询出所有满足条件的记录,然后随机的挑选出部分记录.这种方法在满足条件的记录数很多时效果不理想.
  2. 使用limit语法,先获取满足条件的记录条数, 然后在sql查询语句中加入limit来限制只查询满足要求的一段记录. 这种方法虽然要查询两次,但是在数据量大时反而比较高效.
  示例代码如下:
  
  //1.常规的方法
  //性能瓶颈,10万条记录时,执行查询140ms, 获取结果集500ms,其余可忽略
  int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL* connecthandle, char * channelid, int ISPtype, CDBManager::CHostCacheTable * &hostcache)
  {
  char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
  memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));
  sprintf(selectSQL,"select * from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);
  if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索
  return 0;
  //获取结果集
  m_pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
  if(!m_pResultSet) //获取结果集出错
  return 0;
  int iAllNumRows = (int)(mysql_num_rows(m_pResultSet)); ///<所有的搜索结果数
  //计算待返回的结果数
  int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)? iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;
  if(iReturnNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)
  {
  //获取逐条记录
  for(int i = 0; i  {
  //获取逐个字段
  m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
  if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
  strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, m_Row[0]);
  if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
  strcpy(hostcache[i].channelid, m_Row[1]);
  if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);
  if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);
  if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
  if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);
  if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);
  }
  }
  else
  {
  //随机的挑选指定条记录返回
  int iRemainder = iAllNumRows%iReturnNumRows; ///<余数
  int iQuotient = iAllNumRows/iReturnNumRows; ///<商
  int iStartIndex = rand()%(iRemainder + 1); ///<开始下标
  //获取逐条记录
  for(int iSelectedIndex = 0; iSelectedIndex   {
  mysql_data_seek(m_pResultSet, iStartIndex + iQuotient * iSelectedIndex);
  m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
  if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
  strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].sessionid, m_Row[0]);
  if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
  strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].channelid, m_Row[1]);
  if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
  hostcache[iSelectedIndex].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);
  if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
  hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);
  if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
  hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
  if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
  hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);
  if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
  hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);
  }
  }
  //释放结果集内容
  mysql_free_result(m_pResultSet);
  return iReturnNumRows;
  }
  
  //2.使用limit版
  int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * channelid, unsigned int myexternalip, int ISPtype, CHostCacheTable * hostcache)
  {
  //首先获取满足结果的记录条数,再使用limit随机选择指定条记录返回
  MYSQL_ROW row;
  MYSQL_RES * pResultSet;
  char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
  memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));
  
  sprintf(selectSQL,"select count(*) from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);
  if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索
  return 0;
  pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
  if(!pResultSet)
  return 0;
  row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);
  int iAllNumRows = atoi(row[0]);
  mysql_free_result(pResultSet);
  //计算待取记录的上下范围
  int iLimitLower = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?
  0:(rand()%(iAllNumRows - RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM));
  int iLimitUpper = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?
  iAllNumRows:(iLimitLower + RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM);
  //计算待返回的结果数
  int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?
  iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;
  
  //使用limit作查询
  sprintf(selectSQL,"select SessionID, ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort "
  "from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d limit %d, %d"
  , channelid, ISPtype, iLimitLower, iLimitUpper);
  if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索
  return 0;
  pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
  if(!pResultSet)
  return 0;
  //获取逐条记录
  for(int i = 0; i  {
  //获取逐个字段
  row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);
  if(row[0] != NULL)
  strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, row[0]);
  if(row[1] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].externalIP = atoi(row[1]);
  if(row[2] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(row[2]);
  if(row[3] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].internalIP = atoi(row[3]);
  if(row[4] != NULL)
  hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(row[4]);
  }
  //释放结果集内容
  mysql_free_result(pResultSet);
  return iReturnNumRows;
  }
  
  l 使用连接池管理连接.
  在有大量节点访问的数据库设计中,经常要使用到连接池来管理所有的连接.
  一般方法是:建立两个连接句柄队列,空闲的等待使用的队列和正在使用的队列.
  当要查询时先从空闲队列中获取一个句柄,插入到正在使用的队列,再用这个句柄做数据库操作,完毕后一定要从使用队列中删除,再插入到空闲队列.
  设计代码如下:
  
  //定义句柄队列
  typedef std::list>  typedef std::list::iterator CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST_IT;
  
  //连接数据库的参数结构
  class CDBParameter
  {
  public:
  char *host; ///<主机名
  char *user; ///<用户名
  char *password; ///<密码
  char *database; ///<数据库名
  unsigned int port; ///<端口,一般为0
  const char *unix_socket; ///<套接字,一般为NULL
  unsigned int client_flag; ///<一般为0
  };
  
  //创建两个队列
  CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsBusyList; ///<正在使用的连接句柄
  CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsIdleList; ///<未使用的连接句柄
  
  //所有的连接句柄先连上数据库,加入到空闲队列中,等待使用.
  bool CDBManager::Connect(char * host /* = "localhost" */, char * user /* = "chenmin" */, /
  char * password /* = "chenmin" */, char * database /* = "HostCache" */)
  {
  CDBParameter * lpDBParam = new CDBParameter();
  lpDBParam->host = host;
  lpDBParam->user = user;
  lpDBParam->password = password;
  lpDBParam->database = database;
  lpDBParam->port = 0;
  lpDBParam->unix_socket = NULL;
  lpDBParam->client_flag = 0;
  try
  {
  //连接
  for(int index = 0; index   {
  MYSQL * pConnectHandle = mysql_init((MYSQL*) 0); //初始化连接句柄
  if(!mysql_real_connect(pConnectHandle, lpDBParam->host, lpDBParam->user, lpDBParam->password,/
  lpDBParam->database,lpDBParam->port,lpDBParam->unix_socket,lpDBParam->client_fla))
  return false;
  //加入到空闲队列中
  m_lsIdleList.push_back(pConnectHandle);
  }
  }
  catch(...)
  {
  return false;
  }
  return true;
  }
  
  //提取一个空闲句柄供使用
  MYSQL * CDBManager::GetIdleConnectHandle()
  {
  MYSQL * pConnectHandle = NULL;
  m_ListMutex.acquire();
  if(m_lsIdleList.size())
  {
  pConnectHandle = m_lsIdleList.front();
  m_lsIdleList.pop_front();
  m_lsBusyList.push_back(pConnectHandle);
  }
  else //特殊情况,闲队列中为空,返回为空
  {
  pConnectHandle = 0;
  }
  m_ListMutex.release();
  
  return pConnectHandle;
  }
  
  //从使用队列中释放一个使用完毕的句柄,插入到空闲队列
  void CDBManager::SetIdleConnectHandle(MYSQL * connecthandle)
  {
  m_ListMutex.acquire();
  m_lsBusyList.remove(connecthandle);
  m_lsIdleList.push_back(connecthandle);
  m_ListMutex.release();
  }
  //使用示例,首先获取空闲句柄,利用这个句柄做真正的操作,然后再插回到空闲队列
  bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(char * sessionid)
  {
  MYSQL * pConnectHandle = GetIdleConnectHandle();
  if(!pConnectHandle)
  return 0;
  bool bRet = DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(pConnectHandle, sessionid);
  SetIdleConnectHandle(pConnectHandle);
  return bRet;
  }
  //传入空闲的句柄,做真正的删除操作
  bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid)
  {
  char deleteSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
  memset(deleteSQL, 0, sizeof(deleteSQL));
  sprintf(deleteSQL,"delete from HostCache where SessionID = '%s'", sessionid);
  if(mysql_query(connecthandle,deleteSQL) != 0) //删除

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