C++11变参模板的参数包

Parameter pack

原文来自这里

A template parameter pack is a template parameter that accepts zero or more template arguments (non-types, types, or templates). A function parameter pack is a function parameter that accepts zero or more function arguments.

A template with at least one parameter pack is called a variadic template.

Syntax 

Template parameter pack (appears in a class template and in a function template parameter list)

 type ... Args(optional)(1)(since C++11) typename|class ...Args(optional)(2)(since C++11) template < parameter-list > typename(C++17)|class...Args(optional)(3)(since C++11) 

Function parameter pack (a form of declarator, appears in a function parameter list of a variadic function template)

 Args ... args(optional)(4)(since C++11) 

Parameter pack expansion (appears in a body of a variadic template)

 pattern ...(5)(since C++11) 

1) A non-type template parameter pack with an optional name

2) A type template parameter pack with an optional name

3) A template template parameter pack with an optional name

4) A function parameter pack with an optional name

5) Parameter pack expansion: expands to comma-separated list of zero or morepatterns. Pattern must include at least one parameter pack.

模板类型参数包和函数参数包，参数包解包，模板的偏特化是一种模式匹配，模板元则实际上是一种编译期的函数式编程。

Explanation

A variadic class template can be instantiated with any number of template arguments:

template<class ... Types> struct Tuple {};Tuple<> t0;           // Types contains no argumentsTuple<int> t1;        // Types contains one argument: intTuple<int, float> t2; // Types contains two arguments: int and floatTuple<0> error;       // error: 0 is not a type

 This section is incomplete
Reason: mention that it must be last in class template, but not function

A variadic function template can be called with any number of function arguments (the template arguments are deduced throughtemplate argument deduction):

template<class ... Types> void f(Types ... args);f();       // OK: args contains no argumentsf(1);      // OK: args contains one argument: intf(2, 1.0); // OK: args contains two arguments: int and double

Pack expansion

A pattern followed by an ellipsis, in which the name of at least one parameter pack appears at least once, isexpanded into zero or more comma-separated instantiations of the pattern, where the name of the parameter pack is replaced by each of the types from the pack, in order.

//省略运算符紧接着一个模式，表示省略的部分可以展开为模式的一个或者多个用逗号隔开的实例。展开之后其实是一个用逗号分隔的列表的形式，这个列表可以作为模板和函数的参数，实参和形参都可以，或者用作为初始化列表，仅仅这些。而不能看做是一个逗号运算符构成的表达式！！！！！

template<class ...Us> void f(Us... pargs) {}template<class ...Ts> void g(Ts... args) {    f(&args...); // “&args...” is a pack expansion                 // “&args” is its pattern}g(1, 0.2, "a"); // Ts... args expand to int E1, double E2, const char* E3                // &args... expands to &E1, &E2, &E3                // Us... pargs expand to int* E1, double* E2, const char** E3

If the names of two parameter packs appear in the same pattern, they are expanded simultaneously, and they must have the same length:

template<typename...> struct Tuple {};template<typename T1, typename T2> struct Pair {}; template<class ...Args1> struct zip {    template<class ...Args2> struct with {        typedef Tuple<Pair<Args1, Args2>...> type;//        Pair<Args1, Args2>... is the pack expansion//        Pair<Args1, Args2> is the pattern    };}; typedef zip<short, int>::with<unsigned short, unsigned>::type T1;// Pair<Args1, Args2>... expands to// Pair<short, unsigned short>, Pair<int, unsigned int> // T1 is Tuple<Pair<short, unsigned short>, Pair<int, unsigned>> typedef zip<short>::with<unsigned short, unsigned>::type T2;// error: pack expansion contains parameter packs of different lengths

If a pack expansion is nested within another pack expansion, the parameter packs that appear inside the innermost pack expansion are expanded by it, and there must be another pack mentioned in the enclosing pack expansion, but not in the innermost one:

template<class ...Args>    void g(Args... args) {        f(const_cast<const Args*>(&args)...);  // const_cast<const Args*>(&args) is the pattern, it expands two packs // (Args and args) simultaneously         f(h(args...) + args...); // Nested pack expansion:   // inner pack expansion is "args...", it is expanded first   // outer pack expansion is h(E1, E2, E3) + args..., it is expanded   // second (as h(E1,E2,E3) + E1, h(E1,E2,E3) + E2, h(E1,E2,E3) + E3}

Expansion loci

Depending on where the expansion takes place, the resulting comma-separated list is a different kind of list: function parameter list, member initializer list, attribute list, etc. The following is the list of all allowed contexts

Function argument lists

A pack expansion may appear inside the parantheses of a function call operator, in which case the largest expression to the left of the ellipsis is the pattern that is expanded.

f(&args...); // expands to f(&E1, &E2, &E3)f(n, ++args...); // expands to f(n, ++E1, ++E2, ++E3);f(++args..., n); // expands to f(++E1, ++E2, ++E3, n);f(const_cast<const Args*>(&args)...);// f(const_cast<const E1*>(&X1), const_cast<const E2*>(&X2), const_cast<const E3*>(&X3)f(h(args...) + args...); // expands to // f(h(E1,E2,E3) + E1, h(E1,E2,E3) + E2, h(E1,E2,E3) + E3)

Template argument lists

Pack expansions can be used anywhere in a template argument list, provided the template has the parameters to match the expansion.

template<class A, class B, class...C> void func(A arg1, B arg2, C...arg3){    container<A,B,C...> t1;  // expands to container<A,B,E1,E2,E3>     container<C...,A,B> t2;  // expands to container<E1,E2,E3,A,B>     container<A,C...,B> t3;  // expands to container<A,E1,E2,E3,B> }

Function parameter list

In a function parameter list, if an ellipsis appears in a parameter declaration (whether it names a function parameter pack (as in,Args...args) or not) the parameter declaration is the pattern:

template<typename ...Ts> void f(Ts...) {}f('a', 1);  // Ts... expands to void f(char, int)f(0.1);     // Ts... expands to void f(double) template<typename ...Ts, int... N> void g(Ts (&...arr)[N]) {}int n[1];g<const char, int>("a", n); // Ts (&...arr)[N] expands to                             // const char (&)[2], int(&)[1]

Note: In the pattern Ts (&...arr)[N], the ellipsis is the innermost element, not the last element as in all other pack expansions.

Note: Ts (&...)[N] is not allowed because the C++11 grammar requires the parenthesized ellipsis to have a name:CWG #1488.

Template parameter list

Pack expansion may appear in a template parameter list:

template<typename... T> struct value_holder{    template<T... Values> // expands to a non-type template parameter     struct apply { };     // list, such as <int, char, int(&)[5]>};

Base specifiers and member initializer lists

A pack expansion may designate the list of base classes in a class declaration. Typically, this also means that the constructor needs to use a pack expansion in themember initializer list to call the constructors of these bases:

template<class... Mixins>class X : public Mixins... { public:    X(const Mixins&... mixins) : Mixins(mixins)... { }};

Braced init lists

In a braced-init-list (brace-enclosed list of initializers and other braced-init-lists, used inlist-initialization and some other contexts), a pack expansion may appear as well:

template<typename... Ts> void func(Ts... args){    const int size = sizeof...(args) + 2;    int res[size] = {1,args...,2};    // since initializer lists guarantee sequencing, this can be used to    // call a function on each element of a pack, in order:    int dummy[sizeof...(Ts)] = { (std::cout << args, 0)... };}

Lambda captures

A parameter pack may appear in the capture clause of a lambda expression

template<class ...Args>void f(Args... args) {    auto lm = [&, args...] { return g(args...); };    lm();}

The sizeof... operator

The sizeof... operator is classified as a pack expansion as well

template<class... Types>struct count {    static const std::size_t value = sizeof...(Types);};

Dynamic exception specifications

The list of exceptions in a dynamic exception specification may also be a pack expansion

template<class...X> void func(int arg) throw(X...){ // ... throw different Xs in different situations}

Alignment specifier

Pack expansions are allowed in both the lists of types and the lists of expressions used by the keywordalignas

Attribute list

Pack expansions are allowed in the lists of attributes, as in [[attributes...]]. For example:void[[attributes...]] function()

Fold-expressions

In fold-expressions, the pattern is the entire subexpression that does not contain an unexpanded parameter pack.

(since C++17) This section is incomplete
Reason: a few words about partial specializations and other ways to access individual elements?

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream> void tprintf(const char* format) // base function{    std::cout << format;} template<typename T, typename... Targs>void tprintf(const char* format, T value, Targs... Fargs) // recursive variadic function{    for ( ; *format != '\0'; format++ ) {        if ( *format == '%' ) {           std::cout << value;           tprintf(format+1, Fargs...); // recursive call           return;        }        std::cout << *format;    }} int main(){    tprintf("% world% %\n","Hello",'!',123);    return 0;}

Output:

Hello world! 123

The above example defines a function similar to std::printf, that replace each occurrence of the character % in the format string with a value.

The first overload is called when only the format string is passed and there is no parameter expansion.

The second overload contains a separate template parameter for the head of the arguments and a parameter pack, this allows the recursive call to pass only the tail of the parameters until it becomes empty.

Targs is the template parameter pack and Fargs is the function parameter pack

See also

function templateclass templatesizeof...Queries the number of elements in a parameter pack.C-style variadic functionsPreprocessor macrosCan be variadic as well