linux下磁盘分区方法详解
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[root@docker ~]# fdisk -l #找出机器中所有硬盘个数及设备名称Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris**fdisk -l 信息解析**(注意:Blocks的单位是byte)1、Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes块设备名称为/dev/sda,此设备的大小为107.4GB,107374182400 bytes这是转换成字节后的大小,即:107374182400/1024/1024/1024=100GB (注:bytes=B,表示“字节”,bit=b,表示“位”,所以1MB=1024KB,1KB=1024bytes)2、255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders255 heads:表示磁头数为25563 sectors/track:表示每磁道上有63个扇区13054 cylinders:表示共有13054个柱面,柱面是分区的最小单位3、Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes16065=255*63 因为每一个磁头都是在同一个柱面的,63表示每个磁道上的扇区数量,这两个数的乘积表示一个柱面上的扇区数量;所以16065*512表示一个柱面的大小是8225280字节4、Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes表示一个扇区的大小是512字节总结:所以一个磁盘大小=一个柱面大小*柱面的总数=磁头数量*每个磁道上的扇区数*一个扇区大小*柱面总数磁盘大小=8225280*13054=107374182400bytes=100GB=255*63*512*13054
注意:根据如上信息可知,/dev/sda硬盘还有40G剩余空间
一、磁盘分区:(SCSI硬盘最多能分15个分区,IDE硬盘最多能划分63个分区)
主分区+扩展分区最多只能划分四个,想要更多的分区的话,只能在扩展分区上划分逻辑分区
[root@docker ~]# fdisk /dev/sdaWARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').Command (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 3First cylinder (7650-13054, default 7650): Using default value 7650Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7650-13054, default 13054): +1024MCommand (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)eSelected partition 4First cylinder (7782-13054, default 7782): Using default value 7782Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7782-13054, default 13054): Using default value 13054Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 Linux/dev/sda4 7782 13054 42355372+ 5 ExtendedCommand (m for help): nFirst cylinder (7782-13054, default 7782): Using default value 7782Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7782-13054, default 13054): +10G Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 Linux/dev/sda4 7782 13054 42355372+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 7782 9087 10490413+ 83 LinuxCommand (m for help):wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used atthe next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)Syncing disks.注意:此处在之前的基础上,再添加了一个主分区和一个扩展分区,并在扩展分区上划分了一个逻辑分区p显示分区表;n添加新的分区;t改变分区系统格式;L可以显示所有系统格式;d删除分区;w保存退出;q不保存退出
2、同步磁盘
[root@docker ~]# partx -a /dev/sda BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2[root@docker ~]# partx -a /dev/sdaBLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 3BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 4BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 5[root@docker ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 Linux/dev/sda4 7782 13054 42355372+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 7782 9087 10490413+ 83 Linux注意:扩展分区不能格式化,也不需要挂载,扩展分区最好是把剩下的所有的空间值都给它
3、分区格式化
[root@docker ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)文件系统标签=操作系统:Linux块大小=4096 (log=2)分块大小=4096 (log=2)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks66384 inodes, 264964 blocks13248 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user第一个数据块=0Maximum filesystem blocks=2726297609 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group7376 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
4、挂载分区
[root@docker ~]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 ext4 48G 4.4G 42G 10% /tmpfs tmpfs 495M 192K 495M 1% /dev/shm[root@docker ~]# mkdir /luyun /hello[root@docker ~]# mount /dev/sda3 /luyun[root@docker ~]# mount /dev/sda5 /hello[root@docker ~]# df -ThFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 ext4 48G 4.4G 42G 10% /tmpfs tmpfs 495M 192K 495M 1% /dev/shm/dev/sda3 ext4 987M 1.3M 918M 1% /luyun/dev/sda5 ext4 9.8G 23M 9.2G 1% /hello
二、交换分区
1、查看交换分区
[root@docker ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority/dev/sda2 partition 10239996 11820 -1[root@docker ~]# swapon -sFilename Type Size Used Priority/dev/sda2 partition 10239996 11820 -1
2、若交换分区不够用了,那如何添加交换分区
方法一
[root@docker ~]# fdisk /dev/sdaWARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').Command (m for help): nFirst cylinder (9088-13054, default 9088): Using default value 9088Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (9088-13054, default 13054): +2GCommand (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 Linux/dev/sda4 7782 13054 42355372+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 7782 9087 10490413+ 83 Linux/dev/sda6 9088 9349 2104483+ 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): t #更改分区的类型为swapPartition number (1-6): 6Hex code (type L to list codes): L 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1Hex code (type L to list codes): 82Changed system type of partition 6 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x000aeeec Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 6375 51200000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 6375 7650 10240000 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda3 7650 7781 1059858+ 83 Linux/dev/sda4 7782 13054 42355372+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 7782 9087 10490413+ 83 Linux/dev/sda6 9088 9349 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / SolarisCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used atthe next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)Syncing disks.
2、同步磁盘
[root@docker ~]# partx -a /dev/sda #此命令敲2次
3、分区格式化
[root@docker ~]# mkswap /dev/sda6Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiBno label, UUID=5c54d9bb-cded-477a-aba0-bd5cac82751f
4、激活swap分区
[root@docker ~]# swapon /dev/sda6
5、查看swap分区
[root@docker ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority/dev/sda2 partition 10239996 11820 -1/dev/sda6 partition 2104476 0 -2
方法二
1、生成一个大文件,把这个文件所占用的空间变成交换分区
[root@docker ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=100记录了100+0 的读入记录了100+0 的写出104857600字节(105 MB)已复制,2.35601 秒,44.5 MB/秒[root@docker ~]# ls -lh file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100M 9月 20 14:16 file[root@docker ~]# mkswap filemkswap: file: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors on whole disk. Use -f to force.Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiBno label, UUID=b3be4784-90fd-4e35-8d1a-9da079a3ec55[root@docker ~]# swapon file [root@docker ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority/dev/sda2 partition 10239996 12244 -1/dev/sda6 partition 2104476 0 -2/root/file file 102396 0 -3
2、若想停用一个交换分区,如下
[root@docker ~]# swapoff /root/file [root@docker ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority/dev/sda2 partition 10239996 12244 -1/dev/sda6 partition 2104476 0 -2
0 0
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