九、使用Maven创建Web应用程序项目
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在本教程中,我们将演示如何使用 Maven 创建一个 Java Web 项目(Spring MVC)。
用到的技术/工具:
- Maven 3.3.3
- Eclipse 4.3
- JDK 8
- Spring 4.1.1.RELEASED
- Tomcat 7
- Logback 1.0.13
1. 从Maven模板创建Web项目
您可以通过使用Maven的maven-archetype-webapp模板来创建一个快速启动Java Web应用程序的项目。在终端(* UNIX或Mac)或命令提示符(Windows)中,导航至您想要创建项目的文件夹。
键入以下命令:
$ mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.yiibai -DartifactId=CounterWebApp -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-webapp -DinteractiveMode=false
具体示例 :
C:\worksp>mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.yiibai -DartifactId=CounterWebApp -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-webapp -DinteractiveMode=false[INFO] Scanning for projects...[INFO][INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Maven Stub Project (No POM) 1[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO][INFO] >>> maven-archetype-plugin:2.4:generate (default-cli) > generate-sources@ standalone-pom >>>[INFO][INFO] <<< maven-archetype-plugin:2.4:generate (default-cli) < generate-sources@ standalone-pom <<<[INFO][INFO] --- maven-archetype-plugin:2.4:generate (default-cli) @ standalone-pom ---[INFO] Generating project in Batch modeDownloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/archetypes/maven-archetype-webapp/1.0/maven-archetype-webapp-1.0.jarDownloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/archetypes/maven-archetype-webapp/1.0/maven-archetype-webapp-1.0.jar (4 KB at 0.1 KB/sec)Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/archetypes/maven-archetype-webapp/1.0/maven-archetype-webapp-1.0.pomDownloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/archetypes/maven-archetype-webapp/1.0/maven-archetype-webapp-1.0.pom (533 B at 0.1 KB/sec)[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Using following parameters for creating project from Old (1.x) Archetype: maven-archetype-webapp:1.0[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Parameter: basedir, Value: C:\worksp[INFO] Parameter: package, Value: com.yiibai[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: com.yiibai[INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: CounterWebApp[INFO] Parameter: packageName, Value: com.yiibai[INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0-SNAPSHOT[INFO] project created from Old (1.x) Archetype in dir: C:\worksp\CounterWebApp[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 10:30 min[INFO] Finished at: 2015-10-28T20:31:03+08:00[INFO] Final Memory: 16M/174M[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
新的Web项目命名为 “CounterWebApp”,以及一些标准的 web 目录结构也会自动创建。
2. 项目目录布局
查看生成的项目结构布局:
.|____CounterWebApp||____pom.xml||____src|||____main||||____resources||||____webapp|||||____index.jsp|||||____WEB-INF||||||____web.xml
Maven 产生了一些文件夹,一个部署描述符 web.xml,pom.xml 和 index.jsp。
请查看官方Maven标准目录布局指南来了解更多。
pom.xml
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.yiibai</groupId> <artifactId>CounterWebApp</artifactId> <packaging>war</packaging> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <name>CounterWebApp Maven Webapp</name> <url>http://maven.apache.org</url> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>3.8.1</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <finalName>CounterWebApp</finalName> </build></project>
web.xml – Servlet 2.3 已经比较旧, 建议升级到2.5
<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd" ><web-app><display-name>Archetype Created Web Application</display-name></web-app>
index.jsp – 一个简单的 hello world html 页面文件
<html><body><div><div class="ads-in-post hide_if_width_less_800"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><!-- 728x90 - After2ndH4 --><ins class="adsbygoogle hide_if_width_less_800" style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2836379775501347" data-ad-slot="3642936086" data-ad-region="mkyongregion"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></div><h2>Hello World!</h2></body></html>
3. Eclipse IDE 支持
要导入这个项目到Eclipse中,需要生成一些 Eclipse 项目的配置文件:
3.1、在终端,进入到 “CounterWebApp” 文件夹中,键入以下命令:
C:\worksp>cd CounterWebAppC:\worksp\CounterWebApp>mvn eclipse:eclipse -Dwtpversion=2.0[INFO] Scanning for projects...Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven -war-plugin/2.2/maven-war-plugin-2.2.pomDownloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven- war-plugin/2.2/maven-war-plugin-2.2.pom (7 KB at 2.5 KB/sec)Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven -war-plugin/2.2/maven-war-plugin-2.2.jarDownloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven- war-plugin/2.2/maven-war-plugin-2.2.jar (77 KB at 26.2 KB/sec)[INFO][INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building CounterWebApp Maven Webapp 1.0-SNAPSHOT[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO][INFO] >>> maven-eclipse-plugin:2.10:eclipse (default-cli) > generate-resources@ CounterWebApp >>>[INFO][INFO] <<< maven-eclipse-plugin:2.10:eclipse (default-cli) < generate-resources@ CounterWebApp <<<[INFO][INFO] --- maven-eclipse-plugin:2.10:eclipse (default-cli) @ CounterWebApp ---[INFO] Adding support for WTP version 2.0.[INFO] Using Eclipse Workspace: null[INFO] Adding default classpath container: org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER[INFO] Not writing settings - defaults suffice[INFO] Wrote Eclipse project for "CounterWebApp" to C:\worksp\CounterWebApp.[INFO][INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 7.982 s[INFO] Finished at: 2015-10-28T20:24:57+08:00[INFO] Final Memory: 15M/146M[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 导入到 Eclipse IDE – File -> Import… -> General -> Existing Projects into workspace.
图像说明: 在 Eclipse 中,如果看到项目顶部有地球图标,意味着这是一个 Web 项目。
4. 更新POM
在Maven中,Web项目的设置都通过这个单一的pom.xml文件配置。
- 添加项目依赖 - Spring, logback 和 JUnit
- 添加插件来配置项目
阅读注释清楚明了。
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.yiibai</groupId><artifactId>CounterWebApp</artifactId><packaging>war</packaging><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><name>CounterWebApp Maven Webapp</name><url>http://maven.apache.org</url> <properties><jdk.version>1.7</jdk.version><spring.version>4.1.1.RELEASE</spring.version><jstl.version>1.2</jstl.version><junit.version>4.11</junit.version><logback.version>1.0.13</logback.version><jcl-over-slf4j.version>1.7.5</jcl-over-slf4j.version></properties><dependencies><!-- Unit Test --><dependency><groupId>junit</groupId><artifactId>junit</artifactId><version>${junit.version}</version></dependency><!-- Spring Core --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-core</artifactId><version>${spring.version}</version><exclusions><exclusion><groupId>commons-logging</groupId><artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId></exclusion></exclusions></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.slf4j</groupId><artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId><version>${jcl-over-slf4j.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId><artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId><version>${logback.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-web</artifactId><version>${spring.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId><version>${spring.version}</version></dependency><!-- jstl --><dependency><groupId>jstl</groupId><artifactId>jstl</artifactId><version>${jstl.version}</version></dependency></dependencies><build><finalName>CounterWebApp</finalName><plugins> <!-- Eclipse project --> <plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-eclipse-plugin</artifactId><version>2.9</version><configuration> <!-- Always download and attach dependencies source code --><downloadSources>true</downloadSources><downloadJavadocs>false</downloadJavadocs><!-- Avoid type mvn eclipse:eclipse -Dwtpversion=2.0 --><wtpversion>2.0</wtpversion></configuration> </plugin> <!-- Set JDK Compiler Level --> <plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>2.3.2</version><configuration><source>${jdk.version}</source><target>${jdk.version}</target></configuration> </plugin> <!-- For Maven Tomcat Plugin --> <plugin><groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId><artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId><version>2.2</version><configuration><path>/CounterWebApp</path></configuration> </plugin></plugins></build></project>
注意,为方便起见,声明 maven-eclipse-plugin,并配置wtpversion 来避免输入参数 -Dwtpversion=2.0。现在,每次使用 mvn eclipse:eclipse,Maven将这个项目导入转换为 Eclipse Web 项目。
#之前 mvn eclipse:eclipse --> Eclipse Java project (JAR)mvn eclipse:eclipse -Dwtpversion=2.0 --> Eclipse Java web project (WAR)#之后mvn eclipse:eclipse --> Eclipse Java web project (WAR)
5. 更新源代码
在这一步中,在上一步配置完pom.xml后,重新执行 mvn eclipse:eclipse 这个命令,我们将创建Spring MVC的一些文件和logback日志框架的文件夹,最终的项目结构如下所示:
.|____pom.xml|____src| |____main| | |____java| | | |____com| | | | |____yiibai| | | | | |____controller| | | | | | |____BaseController.java| | |____resources| | | |____logback.xml| | |____webapp| | | |____WEB-INF| | | | |____mvc-dispatcher-servlet.xml| | | | |____pages| | | | | |____index.jsp| | | | |____web.xml
5.1 创建 Spring MVC 的控制器类。
/src/main/java/com/yiibai/controller/BaseController.java
package com.yiibai.controller;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;@Controllerpublic class BaseController {private static int counter = 0;private static final String VIEW_INDEX = "index";private final static org.slf4j.Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BaseController.class);@RequestMapping(value = "/", method = RequestMethod.GET)public String welcome(ModelMap model) {model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome");model.addAttribute("counter", ++counter);logger.debug("[welcome] counter : {}", counter);// Spring uses InternalResourceViewResolver and return back index.jspreturn VIEW_INDEX;}@RequestMapping(value = "/{name}", method = RequestMethod.GET)public String welcomeName(@PathVariable String name, ModelMap model) {model.addAttribute("message", "Welcome " + name);model.addAttribute("counter", ++counter);logger.debug("[welcomeName] counter : {}", counter);return VIEW_INDEX;}}
5.2 创建Spring配置文件。
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"><context:component-scan base-package="com.yiibai.controller" /><beanclass="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"><property name="prefix"><value>/WEB-INF/pages/</value></property><property name="suffix"><value>.jsp</value></property></bean></beans>
5.3 更新让现有的 web.xml 支持 Servlet 2.5(默认的Servlet2.3 太旧了), 并且还通过 Spring 监听器 ContextLoaderListener 集成了Spring框架。
<web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"version="2.5"><display-name>Counter Web Application</display-name><servlet><servlet-name>mvc-dispatcher</servlet-name><servlet-class> org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </servlet-class><load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup></servlet><servlet-mapping><servlet-name>mvc-dispatcher</servlet-name><url-pattern>/</url-pattern></servlet-mapping><context-param><param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/mvc-dispatcher-servlet.xml</param-value></context-param><listener><listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class></listener></web-app>
5.4 移动文件 index.jsp 到 WEB-INF/pages 目录下, 为了保护直接访问。并更新内容:
/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/pages/index.jsp
5.5 在资源文件夹(resources)中创建 logback.xml 文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
6. Eclipse + Tomcat
在第5步中创建所有文件以后,这里有一些方法可以用来部署和测试Web项目,我们这里推荐使用6.2中的方法。
6.1 要编译,测试和项目打包成一个WAR文件,输入:
mvn package
一个新的 WAR 文件将在 project/target/CounterWebApp.war产生,只需复制并部署到Tomcat 发布的目录。
6.2 如果想通过 Eclipse 服务器这个项目插件(Tomcat 或其它容器)调试,这里再输入:
mvn eclipse:eclipse
如果一切顺利,该项目的依赖将被装配附加到 Web部署项目。图片: 右键点击 project -> Properties -> Deployment Assembly
6.3 Maven 的 Tomcat 插件声明(加入到 pom.xml):
<!-- For Maven Tomcat Plugin -->
键入以下命令(有时网络不通畅需要执行2-3次):
mvn tomcat:runtp://logback.qos.ch/codes.html#layoutInsteadOfEncoder for details20:37:32,089 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.LoggerAction - Seg level of logger [com.yiibai.controller] to DEBUG20:37:32,089 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.LoggerAction - Seg additivity of logger [com.yiibai.controller] to false20:37:32,090 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderRefAction -ching appender named [STDOUT] to Logger[com.yiibai.controller]20:37:32,090 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.RootLoggerActiontting level of ROOT logger to ERROR20:37:32,090 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderRefAction -ching appender named [STDOUT] to Logger[ROOT]20:37:32,090 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.ConfigurationActi End of configuration.20:37:32,091 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.JoranConfigurator@3bead5 Registering current configuration as safe fallback point十月 28, 2015 20:37:32 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log信息: Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext十月 28, 2015 20:37:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log信息: Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet 'mvc-dispatcher'十月 28, 2015 20:37:33 下午 org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol init信息: Initializing Coyote HTTP/1.1 on http-8080十月 28, 2015 20:37:33 下午 org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol start信息: Starting Coyote HTTP/1.1 on http-8080
这将启动Tomcat,部署项目默认在端口8080。
解决方案:
1.右键点击项目--选择Properties
选择Deployment Assembly,在右边点击Add按钮,在弹出的窗口中选择Java Build Path Entries
2.点击Next,选择Maven Dependencies
3.点击Finish,然后可以看到已经把Maven Dependencies添加到Web应用结构中了
操作完后,重新部署工程,不再报错了。然后我们再到.metadata\.plugins\org.eclipse.wst.server.core\tmp0\wtpwebapps\目录下,发现工程WEB-INF目录下自动生成了lib目录,并且所有的依赖jar包也都已经部署进来。问题因此解决。
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>4.2.3.RELEASE</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
<version>1.7.13</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>de.huxhorn.lilith</groupId>
<artifactId>de.huxhorn.lilith.logback.classic</artifactId>
<version>8.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>4.2.3.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>4.2.3.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- jstl -->
<dependency>
<groupId>jstl</groupId>
<artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>helloWebProject</finalName>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-eclipse-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.9</version>
<configuration>
<!-- Always download and attach dependencies source code -->
<downloadSources>true</downloadSources>
<downloadJavadocs>false</downloadJavadocs>
<!-- Avoid type mvn eclipse:eclipse -Dwtpversion=2.0 -->
<wtpversion>2.0</wtpversion>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<!-- Set JDK Compiler Level -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.3.2</version>
<configuration>
<source>1.8.0_31</source>
<target>1.8.0_31</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<!-- For Maven Tomcat Plugin -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat</artifactId>
<version>8.0.28</version>
<configuration>
<path>/helloWebProject</path>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
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