KVC与KVO

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KVC 与 KVO 是 Objective C 的关键概念,个人认为必须理解的东西,下面是实例讲解。

Key-Value Coding (KVC)

KVC,即是指 NSKeyValueCoding,一个非正式的 Protocol,提供一种机制来间接访问对象的属性。KVO 就是基于 KVC 实现的关键技术之一。

一个对象拥有某些属性。比如说,一个 Person 对象有一个 name 和一个 address 属性。以 KVC 说法,Person 对象分别有一个 value 对应他的 name 和 address 的 key。 key 只是一个字符串,它对应的值可以是任意类型的对象。从最基础的层次上看,KVC 有两个方法:一个是设置 key 的值,另一个是获取 key 的值。如下面的例子:

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 1 void changeName(Person *p, NSString *newName) 2 { 3   4     // using the KVC accessor (getter) method 5     NSString *originalName = [p valueForKey:@"name"]; 6   7     // using the KVC  accessor (setter) method. 8     [p setValue:newName forKey:@"name"]; 9  10     NSLog(@"Changed %@'s name to: %@", originalName, newName);11  12 }
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现在,如果 Person 有另外一个 key 配偶(spouse),spouse 的 key 值是另一个 Person 对象,用 KVC 可以这样写:

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 1 void logMarriage(Person *p) 2 { 3   4     // just using the accessor again, same as example above 5     NSString *personsName = [p valueForKey:@"name"]; 6   7     // this line is different, because it is using 8     // a "key path" instead of a normal "key" 9     NSString *spousesName = [p valueForKeyPath:@"spouse.name"];10  11     NSLog(@"%@ is happily married to %@", personsName, spousesName);12  13 }
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key 与 key pat 要区分开来,key 可以从一个对象中获取值,而 key path 可以将多个 key 用点号 “.” 分割连接起来,比如:

[p valueForKeyPath:@"spouse.name"];

相当于这样……

[[p valueForKey:@"spouse"] valueForKey:@"name"];

好了,以上是 KVC 的基本知识,接着看看 KVO。

Key-Value Observing (KVO)

Key-Value Observing (KVO) 建立在 KVC 之上,它能够观察一个对象的 KVC key path 值的变化。举个例子,用代码观察一个 person 对象的 address 变化,以下是实现的三个方法:

  • watchPersonForChangeOfAddress: 实现观察
  • observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context: 在被观察的 key path 的值变化时调用。
  • dealloc 停止观察

 

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 1 static NSString *const KVO_CONTEXT_ADDRESS_CHANGED = @"KVO_CONTEXT_ADDRESS_CHANGED" 2   3 @implementation PersonWatcher 4   5 -(void) watchPersonForChangeOfAddress:(Person *)p 6 { 7   8     // this begins the observing 9     [p addObserver:self10         forKeyPath:@"address"11            options:012            context:KVO_CONTEXT_ADDRESS_CHANGED];13  14     // keep a record of all the people being observed,15     // because we need to stop observing them in dealloc16     [m_observedPeople addObject:p];17 }18  19 // whenever an observed key path changes, this method will be called20 - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath21                       ofObject:(id)object22                         change:(NSDictionary *)change23                        context:(void *)context24  25 {26     // use the context to make sure this is a change in the address,27     // because we may also be observing other things28     if(context == KVO_CONTEXT_ADDRESS_CHANGED) {29         NSString *name = [object valueForKey:@"name"];30         NSString *address = [object valueForKey:@"address"];31         NSLog(@"%@ has a new address: %@", name, address);32     }33 }34  35 -(void) dealloc;36 {37  38     // must stop observing everything before this object is39     // deallocated, otherwise it will cause crashes40     for(Person *p in m_observedPeople){41         [p removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"address"];42     }43  44     [m_observedPeople release];45     m_observedPeople = nil;46  47     [super dealloc];48  49 }50  51 -(id) init;52 {53     if(self = [super init]){54         m_observedPeople = [NSMutableArray new];55     }56  57     return self;58 }59  60 @end
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这就是 KVO 的作用,它通过 key path 观察对象的值,当值发生变化的时候会收到通知。


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