Django项目用mod_wsgi部署到Apache2, Ubuntu 14.04

转载https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-serve-django-applications-with-apache-and-mod_wsgi-on-ubuntu-14-04

How To Serve Django Applications with Apache and mod_wsgi on Ubuntu 14.04
Mar 18, 2015 Apache, Django, Python, Python Frameworks Ubuntu
Introduction

Django is a powerful web framework that can help you get your Python application or website off the ground quickly. Django includes a simplified development server for testing your code locally, but for anything even slightly production related, a more secure and powerful web server is required.

In this guide, we will demonstrate how to install and configure Django in a Python virtual environment. We’ll then set up Apache in front of our application so that it can handle client requests directly before passing requests that require application logic to the Django app. We will do this using the mod_wsgi Apache module that can communicate with Django over the WSGI interface specification.

Prerequisites and Goals
In order to complete this guide, you should have a fresh Ubuntu 14.04 server instance with a non-root user with sudo privileges configured. You can learn how to set this up by running thorugh our initial server setup guide.

We will be installing Django within a Python virtual environment. Installing Django into an environment specific to your project will allow your projects and their requirements to be handled separately.

Once we have our application up and running, we will configure Apache to interface with the Django app. It will do this with the mod_wsgi Apache module, which can translate HTTP requests into a predictable application format defined by a specification called WSGI. You can find out more about WSGI by reading the linked section on this guide.

Let’s get started.

Install Packages from the Ubuntu Repositories
To begin the process, we’ll download and install all of the items we need from the Ubuntu repositories. This will include the Apache web server, the mod_wsgi module used to interface with our Django app, and pip, the Python package manager that can be used to download our Python-related tools.

To get everything we need, update your server’s local package index and then install the appropriate packages.

If you are using Django with Python 2, the commands you need are:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python-pip apache2 libapache2-mod-wsgi
If, instead, you are using Django with Python 3, you will need an alternative Apache module. The appropriate commands in this case are:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python-pip apache2 libapache2-mod-wsgi-py3
Configure a Python Virtual Environment
Now that we have the components from the Ubuntu repositories, we can start working on our Django project. The first step is to create a Python virtual environment so that our Django project will be separate from the system’s tools and any other Python projects we may be working on.

We need to install the virtualenv command to create these environments. We can get this using pip:

sudo pip install virtualenv
With virtualenv installed, we can start forming our project. Create a directory where you wish to keep your project and move into the directory:

mkdir ~/myproject
cd ~/myproject
Within the project directory, create a Python virtual environment by typing:

virtualenv myprojectenv
This will create a directory called myprojectenv within your myproject directory. Inside, it will install a local version of Python and a local version of pip. We can use this to install and configure an isolated Python environment for our project.

Before we install our project’s Python requirements, we need to activate the virtual environment. You can do that by typing:

source myprojectenv/bin/activate
Your prompt should change to indicate that you are now operating within a Python virtual environment. It will look something like this: (myprojectenv)user@host:~/myproject$.

With your virtual environment active, install Django with the local instance of pip by typing:

pip install django
Create and Configure a New Django Project
Now that Django is installed in our virtual environment, we can create the actual Django project files.

Create the Django Project

Since we already have a project directory, we will tell Django to install the files here. It will create a second level directory with the actual code, which is normal, and place a management script in this directory. The key to this is the dot at the end that tells Django to create the files in the current directory:

django-admin.py startproject myproject .
Adjust the Project Settings

The first thing we should do with our newly created project files is adjust the settings. Open the settings file with your text editor:

nano myproject/settings.py
We are going to be using the default SQLite database in this guide for simplicity’s sake, so we don’t actually need to change too much. We will focus on configuring the static files directory, where Django will place static files so that the web server can serve these easily.

At the bottom of the file, we will add a line to configure this directory. Django uses the STATIC_ROOT setting to determine the directory where these files should go. We’ll use a bit of Python to tell it to use a directory called “static” in our project’s main directory:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, “static/”)
Save and close the file when you are finished.

Complete Initial Project Setup

Now, we can migrate the initial database schema to our SQLite database using the management script:

cd ~/myproject
./manage.py makemigrations
./manage.py migrate
Create an administrative user for the project by typing:

./manage.py createsuperuser
You will have to select a username, provide an email address, and choose and confirm a password.

We can collect all of the static content into the directory location we configured by typing:

./manage.py collectstatic
You will have to confirm the operation. The static files will be placed in a directory called static within your project directory.

Finally, you can test your project by starting up the Django development server with this command:

./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
In your web browser, visit your server’s domain name or IP address followed by :8000:

http://server_domain_or_IP:8000
You should see the default Django index page:

Django default index

If you append /admin to the end of the URL in the address bar, you will be prompted for the administrative username and password you created with the createsuperuser command:

Django admin login

After authenticating, you can access the default Django admin interface:

Django admin interface

When you are finished exploring, hit CTRL-C in the terminal window to shut down the development server.

We’re now done with Django for the time being, so we can back out of our virtual environment by typing:

deactivate
Configure Apache
Now that your Django project is working, we can configure Apache as a front end. Client connections that it receives will be translated into the WSGI format that the Django application expects using the mod_wsgi module. This should have been automatically enabled upon installation earlier.

To configure the WSGI pass, we’ll need to edit the default virtual host file:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
We can keep the directives that are already present in the file. We just need to add some additional items.

To start, let’s configure the static files. We will use an alias to tell Apache to map any requests starting with /static to the “static” directory within our project folder. We collected the static assets there earlier. We will set up the alias and then grant access to the directory in question with a directory block: