Week5-8Alternative Parsing Formalisms
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Mildly Context-sensitive grammars
-Tree substitution grammars(TSG)
- Terminals generate entire tree fragments
- TSG and CFG are formally equivalent
- Tree adjoining grammar(TAG)
- Combinatory categorical grammar(CCG)
TAG
- Like TSG but allow adjunction
Adjunction: suppose we have a parse tree with verb phrase embedded in it. Adjunction allows you to create a new node and to put it inside the tree and push the existing sub-tree further down. So we will have a new verb phrase that have the original verb phrase as its descendents.
- It can generate languages like
anbncn or ww(cross-serial dependencies)(repeated same strings):- Mary gave a book and a magazine to Chen and Mike, respectively. (cannot be generated by CFG but can by TAG)
- expressive power
- TAG is formally more powerful than CFG
- TAG is less powerful than CSG
CCG
-Complex type
- X/Y, X\Y
- Take an argument of type Y, and return an object of type X.
- X/Y means that Y should appear on the right
- X\Y means that Y should appear on the left
- Expressive power
- CCGs can generate the language
anbncndn ,n>0
- CCGs can generate the language
Semantic Parsing
- Associate a semantic expression with each node
One of the hottest areas in the next few years.
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