mysql 索引

在数据库表中，对字段建立索引可以大大提高查询速度。假如我们创建了一个 mytable表：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable(   ID <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,    username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>  );</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

我们随机向里面插入了10000条记录，其中有一条：5555, admin。 
在查找username=”admin”的记录 SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE username=’admin’;时，如果在username上已经建立了索引，MySQL无须任何扫描，即准确可找到该记录。相反，MySQL会扫描所有记录，即要查询10000条记录。 
索引分单列索引和组合索引。单列索引，即一个索引只包含单个列，一个表可以有多个单列索引，但这不是组合索引。组合索引，即一个索包含多个列。

MySQL索引类型包括： 
一、普通索引 
这是最基本的索引，它没有任何限制。它有以下几种创建方式： 
1.创建索引

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> INDEX indexName <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> mytable(username(length));</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

如果是CHAR，VARCHAR类型，length可以小于字段实际长度；如果是BLOB和TEXT类型，必须指定 length，下同。 
2.修改表结构

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ALTER</span> mytable <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ADD</span> INDEX [indexName] <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> (username(length)) -- </span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

创建表的时候直接指定

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable(   ID <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,    username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,   INDEX [indexName] (username(length))   );</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

– 删除索引的语法：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">DROP</span> INDEX [indexName] <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> mytable;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

二、唯一索引 
它与前面的普通索引类似，不同的就是：索引列的值必须唯一，但允许有空值。如果是组合索引，则列值的组合必须唯一。它有以下几种创建方式：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">UNIQUE</span> INDEX indexName <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> mytable(username(length)) -- 修改表结构<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ALTER</span> mytable <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ADD</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">UNIQUE</span> [indexName] <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> (username(length)) -- 创建表的时候直接指定<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable(   ID <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,    username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,   <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">UNIQUE</span> [indexName] (username(length))   );</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

三、主键索引 
它是一种特殊的唯一索引，不允许有空值。一般是在建表的时候同时创建主键索引：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable(   ID <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,    username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,   <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">PRIMARY</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">KEY</span>(ID)   );</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

当然也可以用 ALTER 命令。记住：一个表只能有一个主键。 
四、组合索引 
为了形象地对比单列索引和组合索引，为表添加多个字段：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable(   ID <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,    username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,   city <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>,   age <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">INT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">NULL</span>  );</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

为了进一步榨取MySQL的效率，就要考虑建立组合索引。就是将 name, city, age建到一个索引里：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">TABLE</span> mytable <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ADD</span> INDEX name_city_age (name(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>),city,age);</span>[code]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

建表时，usernname长度为 16，这里用 10。这是因为一般情况下名字的长度不会超过10，这样会加速索引查询速度，还会减少索引文件的大小，提高INSERT的更新速度。 
如果分别在 usernname，city，age上建立单列索引，让该表有3个单列索引，查询时和上述的组合索引效率也会大不一样，远远低于我们的组合索引。虽然此时有了三个索引，但MySQL只能用到其中的那个它认为似乎是最有效率的单列索引。 
建立这样的组合索引，其实是相当于分别建立了下面三组组合索引： 
usernname,city,age usernname,city usernname 为什么没有 city，age这样的组合索引呢？这是因为MySQL组合索引“最左前缀”的结果。简单的理解就是只从最左面的开始组合。并不是只要包含这三列的查询都会用到该组合索引，下面的几个SQL就会用到这个组合索引： 
[code]

<code class="hljs ruleslanguage has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable WHREE username=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"admin"</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">AND</span> city=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"郑州"</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable WHREE username=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"admin"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

而下面几个则不会用到：

<code class="hljs ruleslanguage has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable WHREE age=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">AND</span> city=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"郑州"</span>  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable WHREE city=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"郑州"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

五、建立索引的时机 
到这里我们已经学会了建立索引，那么我们需要在什么情况下建立索引呢？一般来说，在WHERE和JOIN中出现的列需要建立索引，但也不完全如此，因为MySQL只对<，<=，=，>，>=，BETWEEN，IN，以及某些时候的LIKE才会使用索引。例如：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> t.Name  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable t <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">LEFT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">JOIN</span> mytable m    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">ON</span> t.Name=m.username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">WHERE</span> m.age=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">AND</span> m.city=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'郑州'</span></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

此时就需要对city和age建立索引，由于mytable表的userame也出现在了JOIN子句中，也有对它建立索引的必要。 
刚才提到只有某些时候的LIKE才需建立索引。因为在以通配符%和_开头作查询时，MySQL不会使用索引。例如下句会使用索引：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">WHERE</span> username <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">like</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'admin%'</span></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

而下句就不会使用：

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">SELECT</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">FROM</span> mytable WHEREt Name <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">like</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'%admin'</span></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

因此，在使用LIKE时应注意以上的区别。 
六、索引的不足之处 
上面都在说使用索引的好处，但过多的使用索引将会造成滥用。因此索引也会有它的缺点： 
1.虽然索引大大提高了查询速度，同时却会降低更新表的速度，如对表进行INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE。因为更新表时，MySQL不仅要保存数据，还要保存一下索引文件。 
2.建立索引会占用磁盘空间的索引文件。一般情况这个问题不太严重，但如果你在一个大表上创建了多种组合索引，索引文件的会膨胀很快。 
索引只是提高效率的一个因素，如果你的MySQL有大数据量的表，就需要花时间研究建立最优秀的索引，或优化查询语句。 
七、使用索引的注意事项 
使用索引时，有以下一些技巧和注意事项： 
1.索引不会包含有NULL值的列 
只要列中包含有NULL值都将不会被包含在索引中，复合索引中只要有一列含有NULL值，那么这一列对于此复合索引就是无效的。所以我们在数据库设计时不要让字段的默认值为NULL。 
2.使用短索引 
对串列进行索引，如果可能应该指定一个前缀长度。例如，如果有一个CHAR(255)的列，如果在前10个或20个字符内，多数值是惟一的，那么就不要对整个列进行索引。短索引不仅可以提高查询速度而且可以节省磁盘空间和I/O操作。 
3.索引列排序 
MySQL查询只使用一个索引，因此如果where子句中已经使用了索引的话，那么order by中的列是不会使用索引的。因此数据库默认排序可以符合要求的情况下不要使用排序操作；尽量不要包含多个列的排序，如果需要最好给这些列创建复合索引。 
4.like语句操作 
一般情况下不鼓励使用like操作，如果非使用不可，如何使用也是一个问题。like “%aaa%” 不会使用索引而like “aaa%”可以使用索引。

5.不要在列上进行运算

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> users <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">YEAR</span>(adddate)<<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2007</span>;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

将在每个行上进行运算，这将导致索引失效而进行全表扫描，因此我们可以改成:

<code class="hljs vbnet has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> users <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> adddate<‘<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2007</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">01</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">';</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

6.不使用NOT IN和<>操作