linux驱动_实例剖析

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      上一章节文章中介绍了一个最简单的驱动程序,对驱动程序有一些了解,本章节文章详解介绍驱动程序的编写。

      1.实例剖析:

      写一个最简单的字符设备驱动程序,它什么也不做,但是通过它可以了解Linux的设备驱动程序的工作原理。把下面的C代码输入机器,你就会获得一个真正的设备驱动程序。

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">#define  __NO_VERSION__ #include  <linux/modules.h> #include  <linux/version.h> </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">char kernel_version [] = UTS_RELEASE; </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">      上面的code定义了一些版本信息,虽然用处不是很大,但也必不可少。Johnsonm说所有的驱动程序的开头都要包含<linux/config.h>,一般来讲最好使用。</span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">由于用户进程是通过设备文件同硬件打交道,对设备文件的操作方式不外乎就是一些系统调用,如 open,read,write,close…, 注意,不是fopen, fread,但是如何把系统调用和驱动程序关联起来呢?这需要了解一个非常关键的数据结构: </span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp">struct file_operations { int (*seek) (struct inode * ,struct file *, off_t ,int); int (*read) (struct inode * ,struct file *, char ,int); int (*write) (struct inode * ,struct file *, off_t ,int); int (*readdir) (struct inode * ,struct file *, struct dirent * ,int); int (*select) (struct inode * ,struct file *, int ,select_table *); int (*ioctl) (struct inode * ,struct file *, unsined int ,unsigned long); int (*mmap) (struct inode * ,struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); int (*open) (struct inode * ,struct file *); int (*release) (struct inode * ,struct file *); int (*fsync) (struct inode * ,struct file *); int (*fasync) (struct inode * ,struct file *,int); int (*check_media_change) (struct inode * ,struct file *); int (*revalidate) (dev_t dev); } 
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     这个结构的每一个成员的名字都对应着一个系统调用。用户进程利用系统调用在对设备文件进行诸如read/write操作时,系统调用通过设备文件的主设备号找到相应的设备驱动程序,然后读取这个数据结构相应的函数指针,接着把控制权交给该函数。这是linux的设备驱动程序工作的基本原理。既然是这样,则编写设备驱动程序的主要工作就是编写子函数,并填充file_operations的各个域。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  下面就开始写子程序:</span>
#include <linux/types.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/mm.h> #include <linux/errno.h> #include <asm/segment.h> unsigned int test_major = 0; static int read_test(struct inode *node,struct file *file,char *buf,int count){     int left;     if (verify_area(VERIFY_WRITE,buf,count) == -EFAULT )         return -EFAULT;     for(left = count ; left > 0 ; left--)     {         __put_user(1,buf,1);         buf++;     }     return count; } 
这个函数是为read调用准备的。当调用read时,read_test()被调用,它把用户的缓冲区全部写1。buf 是read调用的一个参数。它是用户进程空间的一个地址。但是在read_test被调用时,系统进入核心态。所以不能使用buf这个地址,必须用__put_user(),这是kernel提供的一个函数,用于向用户传送数据。另外还有很多类似功能的函数。请参考,在向用户空间拷贝数据之前,必须验证buf是否可用。这就用到函数verify_area。

<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp">static int write_tibet(struct inode *inode,struct file *file,const char *buf,int count) {     return count; } 
static int open_tibet(struct inode *inode,struct file *file ) {    MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;     return 0; } 
static void release_tibet(struct inode *inode,struct file *file ) {     MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT; } 
这几个函数都是空操作。实际调用发生时什么也不做,他们仅仅为下面的结构提供函数指针。
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp" style="font-size: 14px;">struct file_operations test_fops = { NULL, read_test, write_test, NULL, /* test_readdir */ NULL, NULL, /* test_ioctl */ NULL, /* test_mmap */ open_test, release_test, NULL, /* test_fsync */ NULL, /* test_fasync */ /* nothing more, fill with NULLs */ };  
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">      设备驱动程序的主体可以说是写好了。现在要把驱动程序嵌入内核。驱动程序可以按照两种方式编译。一种是编译进kernel,另一种是编译成模块(modules),如果编译进内核的话,会增加内核的大小,还要改动内核的源文件,而且不能动态的卸载,不利于调试,所以推荐使用模块方式。</span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp">int init_module(void) {     int result;     result = register_chrdev(0, "test", &test_fops);     if (result < 0) {         printk(KERN_INFO "test: can't get major number\n");         return result;     }     if (test_major == 0) test_major = result; /* dynamic */         return 0; } 
在用insmod命令将编译好的模块调入内存时,init_module 函数被调用。在这里,init_module只做了一件事,就是向系统的字符设备表登记了一个字符设备。register_chrdev需要三个参数,参数一是希望获得的设备号,如果是零的话,系统将选择一个没有被占用的设备号返回。参数二是设备文件名,参数三用来登记驱动程序实际执行操作的函数的指针。 
  如果登记成功,返回设备的主设备号,不成功,返回一个负值。 
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"></span><pre name="code" class="cpp" style="font-size: 14px;">void cleanup_module(void) {     unregister_chrdev(test_major,"test"); }  
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     在用rmmod卸载模块时,cleanup_module函数被调用,它释放字符设备test在系统字符设备表中占有的表项。 </span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     一个极其简单的字符设备可以说写好了,文件名就叫test.c吧,</span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">下面编译 :</span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     $ gcc -O2 -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -c test.c </span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     得到文件test.o就是一个设备驱动程序,</span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">如果设备驱动程序有多个文件,把每个文件按上面的命令行编译,然后:</span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     ld  -r  file1.o  file2.o  -o  modulename</span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     驱动程序已经编译好了,现在把它安装到系统中去:</span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     $ insmod  –f  test.o </span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     <span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">如果安装成功,在/proc/devices文件中就可以看到设备test,并可以看到它的主设备号。要卸载的话,运行:</span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     $ rmmod test </span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     <span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">下一步要创建设备文件:</span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">     mknod /dev/test c major minor </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;">  //</span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;">c 是指字符设备,major是主设备号,就是在/proc/devices里看到的</span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;">     用shell命令:$ cat /proc/devices  <span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">就可以获得主设备号,可以把上面的命令行加入你的shell script中去。</span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">minor是从设备号,设置成0就可以了。 </span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">我们现在可以通过设备文件来访问我们的驱动程序。写一个小小的测试程序。 </span> </span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;">    </span><pre name="code" class="cpp">#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> main() { int testdev; int i; char buf[10]; testdev = open("/dev/test",O_RDWR); if ( testdev == -1 ) { printf("Cann't open file \n"); exit(0); } read(testdev,buf,10); for (i = 0; i < 10;i++) printf("%d\n",buf[i]); close(testdev); } 
  编译运行,看看是不是打印出全1 ?以上只是一个简单的演示。真正实用的驱动程序要复杂的多,要处理如中断,DMA,I/O port等问题。这些才是真正的难点。请看下节,实际情况的处理。 
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>2.设备驱动程序中的一些具体问题:</strong></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">      <span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">I/O Port:</span></strong> </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  和硬件打交道离不开I/O Port,老的ISA设备经常是占用实际的I/O端口,在linux下,操作系统没有对I/O口屏蔽,也就是说,任何驱动程序都可对任意的I/O口操作,这样就很容易引起混乱。每个驱动程序应该自己避免误用端口。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  有两个重要的kernel函数可以保证驱动程序做到这一点。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  1)check_region(int io_port, int off_set) </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  这个函数察看系统的I/O表,看是否有别的驱动程序占用某一段I/O口。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  参数1:io端口的基地址, </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  参数2:io端口占用的范围。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  返回值:0 没有占用, 非0,已经被占用。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  2)request_region(int io_port, int off_set,char *devname) </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  如果这段I/O端口没有被占用,在我们的驱动程序中就可以使用它。在使用之前,必须向系统登记,以防止被其他程序占用。登记后,在/proc/ioports文件中可以看到你登记的io口。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  参数1:io端口的基地址。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  参数2:io端口占用的范围。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  参数3:使用这段io地址的设备名。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  在对I/O口登记后,就可以放心地用inb(), outb()之类的函来访问了。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">在一些pci设备中,I/O端口被映射到一段内存中去,要访问这些端口就相当于访问一段内存。经常性的,我们要获得一块内存的物理地址。</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">内存操作:</span></strong> </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  在设备驱动程序中动态开辟内存,不是用malloc,而是kmalloc,或者用get_free_pages直接申请页。释放内存用的是kfree,或free_pages。 请注意,kmalloc等函数返回的是物理地址! </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  注意,kmalloc最大只能开辟128k-16,16个字节是被页描述符结构占用了。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  内存映射的I/O口,寄存器或者是硬件设备的RAM(如显存)一般占用F0000000以上的地址空间。在驱动程序中不能直接访问,要通过kernel函数vremap获得重新映射以后的地址。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  另外,很多硬件需要一块比较大的连续内存用作DMA传送。这块程序需要一直驻留在内存,不能被交换到文件中去。但是kmalloc最多只能开辟128k的内存。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  这可以通过牺牲一些系统内存的方法来解决。 </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">    <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">中断处理</span></strong> </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" /><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">  同处理I/O端口一样,要使用一个中断,必须先向系统登记。 </span></span></span><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;">     </span>
<span style="font-family: song, Verdana; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: song, Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"></span></span></span><pre name="code" class="cpp">    int request_irq(unsigned int irq ,void(*handle)(int,void *,struct pt_regs *),    unsigned int long flags, const char *device); 
irq: 是要申请的中断。 
handle:中断处理函数指针。 
flags:SA_INTERRUPT 请求一个快速中断,0 正常中断。 
device:设备名。
  如果登记成功,返回0,这时在/proc/interrupts文件中可以看你请求的中断。
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