android View的相关知识点

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自定义View—–利用Canvas画图

对于android开发者来说,炫酷的界面可以给APP加分。但是由于第三方的UI有时候不符合我们的需求,这时候就需要自己写View,因此对于View绘制的基础我们还是需要掌握。

自定义View构造方法

  • View(Context context) 在代码中简单创建View被调用 View view = new View(this)
  • View(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) 当xml中布局了自定义View后,在inflate布局时被调用
  • View(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr) 和第二种构造方法类似,但多了一个defStyleAttr参数,当xml文件中有@style属性时被调用。
  • View(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr, int defStyleRes)和第三种构造方法类似,但又多了一个参数,当xml文件中有theme属性时被调用
    属性值定义的优先级:xml>style>Theme中的默认Sytle>默认Style(通过obtainStyledAttributes的第四个参数指定)>在Theme中直接指定属性值

一般来说,自定义View都是继承自View,而我们通常是在Canvas画布上来绘制图形。获取Canvas主要有两种方式

  • 通过重写View.onDraw方法,View中的Canvas对象会被当做参数传递过来,我们操作这个Canvas,效果会直接反应在View中。
  • 如下所示,直接创建一个新的Canvas
Bitmap b = Bitmap.createBitmap(100, 100, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);    Canvas canvas = new Canvas(b);

这里主要讲解第一种情况下的自定义View
在画图时,有时候需要知道手机屏幕的大小,下面这种方法是获取屏幕大小的常规方法(API21)

DisplayMetrics metrics = new DisplayMetrics();       getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay().getMetrics(metrics);int width = metrics.widthPixels;int height = metrics.heightPixels;

之前网上还有一些其他的获取屏幕的方法,例如通过canvas来获取等,这里就不一一列举了。但值得注意的是

WindowManager manager = getWindowManager();Display display = manager.getDefaultDisplay();int width = display.getWidth();int height = display.getHeight();

该代码中getWidth()方法和getHeight()方法已经在新的API中被划掉了,也就是不建议这样来获取屏幕尺寸。

下面是我写的一段关于自定义View的测试代码,主要就是在onDraw方法中绘制图形,共参考

package com.example.root.myapplication;import android.content.Context;import android.graphics.Canvas;import android.graphics.Color;import android.graphics.Paint;import android.graphics.RectF;import android.os.Bundle;import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;import android.util.AttributeSet;import android.util.DisplayMetrics;import android.view.View;public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity {    @Override    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);//        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);        setContentView(new CustomView_1(this));    }    /**inter class**/    class CustomView_1 extends View{        Paint paint ;        public CustomView_1(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr) {            super(context, attrs, defStyleAttr);        }        public CustomView_1(Context context){            super(context);            paint = new Paint();            //setting the painting pen            paint.setColor(Color.BLUE);            paint.setStrokeJoin(Paint.Join.ROUND);            paint.setStrokeCap(Paint.Cap.ROUND);            paint.setStrokeWidth(1);        }        @Override        protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas){            DisplayMetrics metrics = new DisplayMetrics();            getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay().getMetrics(metrics);            int width = metrics.widthPixels;            int length = metrics.heightPixels;            //paint the background to yellow            canvas.drawColor(Color.YELLOW);            //paint a circle            canvas.drawCircle(width/4, width/4, width/4, paint);            //avoid area            RectF rect = new RectF(width/2,0,width,width/2);            //paint a arc            canvas.drawArc(rect,0,90,true,paint);            rect = new RectF(400,400,500,500);            //paint a rect            canvas.drawRoundRect(rect,15,15,paint);        }    }}

运行试试,Done
关于canvas中的移动translate rotate,其实也很好理解,之前用canvas画了一个时钟,在画刻度的时候用到了rotate。当我们用到了这两个方法时,其实相当于改变了作图时的参考坐标(位置和方向)
eg:

canvas.translate(100, 100);  %表示画布的(0,0)点向下,向右移动了一百个像素canvas.rotate(30,0,0);%表示将画布以(0,0)点为中心向右旋转30度,之后X,Y轴的方向也跟着转变了

View以及ViewGroup部分源码剖析

View是Android 所有图形界面相关组建、界面、布局等的基类,从官方SDK中可以看到View类直接继承自Object类,而且实现了Drawable.Callback KeyEvent.Callback AccessibilityEventSource等接口。平时用到的ImageView, KeyboardView, MediaRouteButton, ProgressBar, SurfaceView, TextView, ViewGroup等都是直接继承于它,而像AbsListView, AbsSpinner, AbsoluteLayout, AdapterView,等也间接继承于它。
SDK中列出了常常见View需要用到的一些方法
Creation(创建)

  • Constructors()
  • onFinishInflate()

Layout(布局)

  • onMeasure(int, int)
  • onLayout(boolean, int, int, int, int)
  • onSizeChanged(int, int, int, int)

Drawing(绘图)

  • onDraw(Canvas canvas)

Event processing(事件处理)

  • onKeyDown(int, KeyEvent)
  • onKeyUp(int, KeyEvent)
  • onTrackballEvent(MotionEvent)
  • onTouchEvent(MotionEvent)

Focus(聚焦)

  • onFocusChanged(boolean, int, android.graphics.Rect)
  • onWindowFocusChanged(boolean)

Attaching(绑定)

  • onAttachedToWindow()
  • onDetachedFromWindow()
  • onWindowVisibilityChanged(int)

本文重点将下面几个方法
onFinishInflate() 。当View和他的所有子View从XML中解析完成后调用,因此一般用在ViewGroup子类中,用于获取子View的引用,例如

   @Override    protected void onFinishInflate() {        super.onFinishInflate();        int count = getChildCount();        if (count > 0) {            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {            //getChildAt就是获取子View                addHeaderView(getChildAt(i));            }            removeAllViews();        }    }  /**     * Returns the view at the specified position in the group.     *      * @param index the position at which to get the view from     * @return the view at the specified position or null if the position     *         does not exist within the group     */    public View getChildAt(int index) {        if (index < 0 || index >= mChildrenCount) {            return null;        }        return mChildren[index];    }

onMeasure(int, int)。 测量这个View的高和宽,其实也是设置View的宽和高度。如果子View中没有重写这个方法,那么将会在View对象中调用默认的onMeasure方法

    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {    //onMeasure方法实际上实在调用setMeasuredDimension()方法    setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),                getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));    }    /**final 类型,不能被覆盖**/    protected final void setMeasuredDimension(int measuredWidth, int measuredHeight) {        boolean optical = isLayoutModeOptical(this);        if (optical != isLayoutModeOptical(mParent)) {            Insets insets = getOpticalInsets();            int opticalWidth  = insets.left + insets.right;            int opticalHeight = insets.top  + insets.bottom;            measuredWidth  += optical ? opticalWidth  : -opticalWidth;            measuredHeight += optical ? opticalHeight : -opticalHeight;        }        setMeasuredDimensionRaw(measuredWidth, measuredHeight);    }    /**private 类型,不能被子类覆盖*/    private void setMeasuredDimensionRaw(int measuredWidth, int measuredHeight) {        mMeasuredWidth = measuredWidth;        mMeasuredHeight = measuredHeight;        mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;    }    /**     * This is called to find out how big a view should be. The parent     * supplies constraint information in the width and height parameters.     * /**final 类型,不能被覆盖**/用于改变子容器中子View大小     */       public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        boolean optical = isLayoutModeOptical(this);        if (optical != isLayoutModeOptical(mParent)) {            Insets insets = getOpticalInsets();            int oWidth  = insets.left + insets.right;            int oHeight = insets.top  + insets.bottom;            widthMeasureSpec  = MeasureSpec.adjust(widthMeasureSpec,  optical ? -oWidth  : oWidth);            heightMeasureSpec = MeasureSpec.adjust(heightMeasureSpec, optical ? -oHeight : oHeight);        }

由上面的程序可以看出,onMeasure()方法最终转化成了对mMeasuredWidth、mMeasuredHeight的设置。
而子类的View测量多是通过覆盖onMeasure()方法实现对View测量。
对于像TextView这类View,重写的onMeasure()方法其实质上就是调用了View的setMeasuredDimension方法

    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {            int widthMode =MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec);            int heightMode =MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec);            int widthSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec);            int heightSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);            int width;            int height;            ...            setMeasuredDimension(width, height);    }

而对于像ViewGroup一类(实际上是他们的实现类)的容器重写的onMeasure()方法还需调用View类中的measure()方法对容器中的子View进行操作

 protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        // Sets up mListPadding        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);        int widthMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec);        int heightMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec);        int widthSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec);        int heightSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);        int childWidth = 0;        int childHeight = 0;        int childState = 0;        ...        if (mItemCount > 0 && (widthMode == MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED || heightMode == MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED)) {            final View child = obtainView(0, mIsScrap);            //measureScrapChild方法调用了View的measure方法            measureScrapChild(child, 0, widthMeasureSpec);            ...            }        ...        setMeasuredDimension(widthSize , heightSize);}

onLayout(boolean, int, int,int, int)。onLayout是用来指定各个子View的位置,这个方法的使用主要在ViewGroup中。这个方法也和上面的方法类似,也只是子类覆盖的一个方法,真正调用的方法是Layout()。

onDraw(android.graphics.Canvas)。onDraw是用来对View进行绘图的,这个方法也和上面的方法类似,也只是子类覆盖的一个方法,真正调用的方法是draw()方法。
/*
* Draw traversal performs several drawing steps which must be executed
* in the appropriate order:
*
* 1. Draw the background
* 2. If necessary, save the canvas’ layers to prepare for fading
* 3. Draw view’s content
* 4. Draw children
* 5. If necessary, draw the fading edges and restore layers
* 6. Draw decorations (scrollbars for instance)
*/

关于View值得注意的细节

  • Invalidate()和postInvalidate()
    Invalidate()只能在主线程(UI线程)中被调用,postInvalidate()可以在子线程(非UI线程)中被调用。下面是源码介绍
    /**     * Invalidate the whole view. If the view is visible,     * {@link #onDraw(android.graphics.Canvas)} will be called at some point in     * the future.     * <p>     * This must be called from a UI thread. To call from a non-UI thread, call     * {@link #postInvalidate()}.     */    public void invalidate() {        invalidate(true);    }    /**     * <p>Cause an invalidate to happen on a subsequent cycle through the event loop.     * Use this to invalidate the View from a non-UI thread.</p>     *     * <p>This method can be invoked from outside of the UI thread     * only when this View is attached to a window.</p>     *     * @see #invalidate()     * @see #postInvalidateDelayed(long)     */    public void postInvalidate() {        postInvalidateDelayed(0);    }

请注意,在view的内容或者大小改变时,常会调用invalidate() (postInvalidate())和 requestLayout(). 这两个调用是确保稳定运行的关键。当view的某些内容发生变化的时候,需要调用invalidate来通知系统对这个view进行redraw,当某些元素变化会引起组件大小变化时,需要调用requestLayout方法。调用时若忘了这两个方法,将会导致hard-to-find bugs。
本文参考博客http://blog.csdn.net/cwcwj3069/article/details/49867747

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