【面试之java io流】IO

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一.IO

1.IO概念

  ·输入流:把能够读取一个字节序列的对象称为输入流(百度百科)

  ·输出流:把能够写一个字节序列的对象称为输出流(百度百科)

          从定义上看可能会让你感到困惑,这里解释一下:输入输出是相对于内存设备而言的,将外设(硬盘,键盘等)中的数据读取到内存设备中叫输入;将内存设备中的数据写入到外设中叫输出,所以有读入,写出的称呼:读入到内存,写出内存。

          可以这样比喻:输入流和输出流中间连接着内存,输入流和输出流将读写分离开来进行操作,先从外设读入内存,然后再写出内存转移到其他外设。

   ·总体结构图(摘自网友)


2.字节流      (用字节流处理字符数据可能会有编码问题,因为字节流是以字节为单位,没有编码,而字符流是以字符为单位传送数据,字符流即以字节流+编码)

  ·两个顶层父类 (抽象类)及实现类

        ·InputStream(读入内存)  :所有字节输入流相关类的父类

              ··FileInputStream :obtain input bytes from a file in a file system,for reading streams of raw bytes(原始字节) such as image data..For writing streams of characters,consider using FileReader

                       初始化时(构造函数)要和文件关联,读取的对象,要首先判断文件是否存在

                     ——read():read a byte of data from this inputStream.

                     ——read(byte [] b):read up to b.length bytes of data from this inputStream into an array of bytes.

                     ——read(byte [] b,int off,int length)

                     ——close()

          

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/1/29. */public class Demo1 {    public static void main(String [] args){        File file = new File("d:/helloWorld.txt");        InputStream in = null;        try {            if (!file.exists()){                              //文件不存在则创建                file.createNewFile();            }            in = new FileInputStream(file);            byte [] buf = new byte[1024];                 //先写到缓存中,然后再一起写到其他外设中            int length = 0;                                     while ((length=in.read(buf))!=-1){                //-1 represent the end of the file is reached    ,                                                            //字节一个一个地读入到内存                System.out.println(new String(buf,0,length)); //需要将int转为字节,如果为中文的话输出乱码字符  ,                                                     //此处其实是写出到了外设(控制台)上,System.out返回的是PrintStream对象            }        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }finally {            if (in != null){                try {                    in.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }    }

               ··ByteArrayInputStream:包含一个内置的缓冲器存储字节

                      构造函数要和字节数组相关联:byte [] buff

                      ——read():从输入流中读取下一个字节

                      ——read(byte [] buff,int off,int len):

                      ——close():关闭后并没有影响,类中的方法仍然可以调用而不抛出IO异常

        ·OutputStream(写出内存):所有和输出字节流相关类的父类

               ··FileOutputStream:for writing data to a file or a FileDescriptor,for writing streams of raw data(原始字节)such as image data.For writing streams of characters,consider using FileWriter.

                    初始化时要和文件关联,写出的目的地。没有该文件时会自动创建。

                    ——write(int b):write the specified(指定的) byte to this file output stream.

                    ——write(byte [] b):

                    ——write(byte [] b,int off,int len)

                    ——close()

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/2/25. */public class Demo2 {    public static void main(String [] args){        File file = new File("d:/helloWorld3.txt");   //没有<span style="font-family:KaiTi_GB2312;">会自动创建</span>        OutputStream out = null;        try {            out = new FileOutputStream(file);            out.write(69);                    //文件中产生ASC码对应的字符        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } finally {            try {                out.close();            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }    }}

       ★ FileInputStream  & FileOutputStream   协同完成文件复制(不会乱码)

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/2/25. */public class Demo3 {    /**     * 从一个文件复制到另一个文件     * @param args     */    public static void main(String [] args){        File origin = new File("d:/helloWorld.txt");//原始文件        if (!origin.exists()){            try {                origin.createNewFile();            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        File destination = new File("d:/helloWorld4.txt");//目的文件        InputStream in = null;        OutputStream out = null;        try {            in = new FileInputStream(origin);            out = new FileOutputStream(destination);            byte [] buff = new byte[1024];            int len = 0;            while ((len=in.read(buff))!=-1){                out.write(buff,0,len);            }        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } finally {            try {                if (in != null){                    in.close();                }                if (out != null){                    out.close();                }            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }    }}

3.字符流

    ·两个顶层父抽象类及其实现类

         ·Reader:for reading character streams

              ··InputStreamReader:从字节流到字符流的桥梁:读取字节流然后按指定的编码方式进行解码(看不懂→能看懂)

                         构造函数要和输入流InputStream/编码方式Charset相关联:System.in/FileInputStream传入

                          ——read()    :读入一个字符

                          ——read(char [] cbuf,int offset,int length)

                          ——close()

                    ···FileReader:读字符文件的方便类,本质是InputStreamReader在构造时 指定了默认的编码方式,用于读取字符流

                             构造函数要和文件相关联

              ★InputStreamReader 接收键盘上输入的数据,写入文件中(中文会乱码)

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/2/25. */public class Demo4 {    /**     * 控制台输入,写到文件夹中     * @param args     */    public static void main(String [] args){        File file = new File("d:/helloWorld.txt");//会覆盖之前的数据        OutputStream out = null;        InputStreamReader reader = null;        try {            reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);            out = new FileOutputStream(file);            int len = 0;            while ((len = reader.read())!= -1){                out.write(len);            }        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } finally {            if (out!=null){                try {                    out.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }            if (reader!=null){                try {                    reader.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }    }}

          ··BufferedReader:从一个字符输入(character-input)流中读取文本(text),并进行缓冲字符,默认缓存8192(8M),行最长80

                 构造函数要和Reader in/int size 关联:InputStreamReader

                 ——in read()

                 ——in read(char [] cbuf,int off,int len)

                 ——String readLine()

                 ——close()

                   ★键盘录入,使用缓存

BufferedReader buffr = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in))


      ·Writer:for writing to character streams (字符流的写操作基本上后面都需要进行flush()操作

             ··OutputStreamWriter :从字符流到字节流的桥梁:写出的字符被用指定的编码方式进行编码。

                   构造函数要和OutputStream out/charset 关联:System.out/FileOutputStream

                   ——write(int c):写一个单独的字符

                   ——write(char [] cbuf,int off,int len)

                   ——write(String str,int off,int len)

                   ——flush():刷新流

                   ——close()

                   ···FileWriter:写字符文件的方便类,实质是:OutputStreamWriter指定了默认的本机编码方式,且可以处理文件

              ··BufferedWriter:写文本到一个字符输出(character-out)流,并对传入的字符进行缓存

                    构造函数要和 Writer out/int size 相关联

                     ——write(int c):写一个单独的字符

                     ——write(char [] cbuf,int off,int len)

                     ——write(String str,int off,int len)

                     ——newLine():换行

                     ——flush():刷新流

                     ——close()

                    ★控制台输出,使用缓存

BufferedWriter buffw= new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out,"utf-8"));

                   ★键盘输入,控制台输出功能

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/2/26. */public class Demo5 {    /**     * 键盘输入,控制台输出     * @param args     */    public static void main(String[]args){             BufferedReader buff = null;        BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = null;        String line = null;        try {            buff = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in,"utf-8"));            bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out,"utf-8"));            <span style="font-family:SimSun;">while</span> ((line=buff.readLine())!=null){                bufferedWriter.write(line);<span style="font-family:KaiTi_GB2312;">            <span style="font-family:SimSun;"> }</span></span>           bufferedWriter.flush();         //一定要刷新        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } finally {            if (buff!=null){                try {                    buff.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }            if (out!=null){                try {                    out.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }    }}

☆面试题:简述一下将文件中的数据输入到另一个文件中的步骤

         1.首先创建File对象,并且和需要操作的文件相关联,这时候需要对文件进行判断是否存在,不存在则会报错

         2.既然是读取文件并且写到文件,属于纯文本,可以选择FileReader和FileWriter进行读写操作,如果出现乱码可以使用其父类指定编码方式

         3.创建FileReader对象用于读取文件中的数据,这里可以使用缓冲流进行处理,提高效率,创建一个BufferedReader对象

               BufferedReader buffr = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileReader(file)));

        4.创建FileWriter,同上使用缓存

         ★代码如下

import java.io.*;/** * Created by 111 on 2016/2/26. */public class Demo6 {    public static void main(String[] args){        File origin = new File("d:/helloWorld.txt");        File destination = new File("d:/helloWorld6.txt");        InputStreamReader in = null;        OutputStreamWriter out = null;        BufferedReader reader = null;        BufferedWriter writer = null;        if (!origin.exists()){            try {                origin.createNewFile();            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        try {            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(origin),"ISO-8859-1"));//            reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(origin));            writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(destination),"ISO-8859-1"));            String line = null;            while ((line = reader.readLine())!=null){                writer.write(line);                writer.newLine();            }            writer.flush();        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } finally {            if (in!=null){                try {                    in.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }            if (out!=null){                try {                    out.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }            if (reader!= null){                try {                    reader.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }            if (writer!=null){                try {                    writer.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }    }}






 


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