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模板安装-使用nmp命令

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使用 npm 命令安装模块

npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下：

  1. $ npm install </span><span class="pun">&lt;</span><span class="typ">Module</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Name</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">以下实例，我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块&nbsp;<b>express</b></p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm install express

安装好之后，express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules 目录中，因此在代码中只需要通过 require(‘express’) 的方式就好，无需指定第三方包路径。

  1. var express = require('express');

全局安装与本地安装

npm 的包安装分为本地安装（local）、全局安装（global）两种，从敲的命令行来看，差别只是有没有-g而已，比如

  1. npm install express          # 本地安装
  2. npm install express -g   # 全局安装

如果出现以下错误：

  1. npm err! Error: connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:8087

解决办法为：

  1. $ npm config </span><span class="kwd">set</span><span class="pln"> proxy </span><span class="kwd">null</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><h3 style="border: 0px; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 1.4em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; line-height: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">本地安装</h3><ul style="border: 0px; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style-type: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em; background-image: url(file:///C:/Users/wxq/Documents/My%20Knowledge/temp/assets/img/bullet.png); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1. 将安装包放在 ./node_modules 下（运行 npm 命令时所在的目录），如果没有 node_modules 目录，会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录。</li><li style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em; background-image: url(file:///C:/Users/wxq/Documents/My%20Knowledge/temp/assets/img/bullet.png); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2. 可以通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包。</li></ul><h3 style="border: 0px; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 1.4em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; line-height: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">全局安装</h3><ul style="border: 0px; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 16.8px; list-style-type: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em; background-image: url(file:///C:/Users/wxq/Documents/My%20Knowledge/temp/assets/img/bullet.png); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1. 将安装包放在 /usr/local 下。</li><li style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em; background-image: url(file:///C:/Users/wxq/Documents/My%20Knowledge/temp/assets/img/bullet.png); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2. 可以直接在命令行里使用。</li><li style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em; background-image: url(file:///C:/Users/wxq/Documents/My%20Knowledge/temp/assets/img/bullet.png); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">3. 不能通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包。</li></ul><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">接下来我们使用全局方式安装 express</p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm install express -g

安装过程输出如下内容，第一行输出了模块的版本号及安装位置。


你可以使用以下命令来查看所有全局安装的模块：

  1. $ npm ls </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">g</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><div><h2 style="border: 0px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">卸载模块</h2><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我们可以使用以下命令来卸载 Node.js 模块。</p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm uninstall express

卸载后，你可以到 /node_modules/ 目录下查看包是否还存在，或者使用以下命令查看：

  1. $ npm ls</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><hr style="color: rgb(212, 212, 212); height: 1px; border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(212, 212, 212);"><h2 style="border: 0px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">更新模块</h2><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">我们可以使用以下命令更新模块：</p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm update express

搜索模块

使用以下来搜索模块：

  1. $ npm search express</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><hr style="color: rgb(212, 212, 212); height: 1px; border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(212, 212, 212);"><h2 style="border: 0px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 'Microsoft Yahei', sans-serif; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">创建模块</h2><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">创建模块，package.json 文件是必不可少的。我们可以使用 NPM 生成 package.json 文件，生成的文件包含了基本的结果。</p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm init
  2. This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
  3. It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.
  5. See </span><span class="pln">npm help json</span><span class="pun"> for definitive documentation on these fields
  6. and exactly what they do.
  8. Use </span><span class="pln">npm install </span><span class="pun">&lt;</span><span class="pln">pkg</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">save</span><span class="pun"> afterwards to install a package and
  9. save it as a dependency in the package.json file.
  11. Press ^C at any time to quit.
  12. name: (node_modules) runoob                   # 模块名
  13. version: (1.0.0) 
  14. description: Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)  # 描述
  15. entry point: (index.js) 
  16. test command: make test
  17. git repository: https://github.com/runoob/runoob.git  # Github 地址
  18. keywords: 
  19. author: 
  20. license: (ISC) 
  21. About to write to ……/node_modules/package.json:      # 生成地址
  23. {
  24.   "name": "runoob",
  25.   "version": "1.0.0",
  26.   "description": "Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)",
  27.   ……
  28. }
  31. Is this ok? (yes) yes

以上的信息，你需要根据你自己的情况输入。在最后输入 “yes” 后会生成 package.json 文件。

接下来我们可以使用以下命令在 npm 资源库中注册用户（使用邮箱注册）：

  1. $ npm adduser</span></code></li><li class="L1"><code class="language-js"><span class="typ">Username</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> mcmohd</span></code></li><li class="L2"><code class="language-js"><span class="typ">Password</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="typ">Email</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">this</span><span class="pln"> IS </span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> mcmohd@gmail</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span></code></li></ol></pre></div><div><br></div><p style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 2em; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Microsoft Yahei', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">接下来我们就用以下命令来发布模块：</p><div><pre class="prettyprint linenums prettyprinted"><ol class="linenums"><li class="L0"><code class="language-js"><span class="pln">$ npm publish

package.json文件

package.json 位于模块的目录下，用于定义包的属性。接下来让我们来看下 express 包的 package.json 文件，位于 node_modules/express/package.json 内容：

  1. {
  2.   "name": "express",
  3.   "description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
  4.   "version": "4.13.3",
  5.   "author": {
  6.     "name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
  7.     "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
  8.   },
  9.   "contributors": [
  10.     {
  11.       "name": "Aaron Heckmann",
  12.       "email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
  13.     },
  14.     {
  15.       "name": "Ciaran Jessup",
  16.       "email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
  17.     },
  18.     {
  19.       "name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
  20.       "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  21.     },
  22.     {
  23.       "name": "Guillermo Rauch",
  24.       "email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
  25.     },
  26.     {
  27.       "name": "Jonathan Ong",
  28.       "email": "me@jongleberry.com"
  29.     },
  30.     {
  31.       "name": "Roman Shtylman",
  32.       "email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
  33.     },
  34.     {
  35.       "name": "Young Jae Sim",
  36.       "email": "hanul@hanul.me"
  37.     }
  38.   ],
  39.   "license": "MIT",
  40.   "repository": {
  41.     "type": "git",
  42.     "url": "git+https://github.com/strongloop/express.git"
  43.   },
  44.   "homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
  45.   "keywords": [
  46.     "express",
  47.     "framework",
  48.     "sinatra",
  49.     "web",
  50.     "rest",
  51.     "restful",
  52.     "router",
  53.     "app",
  54.     "api"
  55.   ],
  56.   "dependencies": {
  57.     "accepts": "~1.2.12",
  58.     "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
  59.     "content-disposition": "0.5.0",
  60.     "content-type": "~1.0.1",
  61.     "cookie": "0.1.3",
  62.     "cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
  63.     "debug": "~2.2.0",
  64.     "depd": "~1.0.1",
  65.     "escape-html": "1.0.2",
  66.     "etag": "~1.7.0",
  67.     "finalhandler": "0.4.0",
  68.     "fresh": "0.3.0",
  69.     "merge-descriptors": "1.0.0",
  70.     "methods": "~1.1.1",
  71.     "on-finished": "~2.3.0",
  72.     "parseurl": "~1.3.0",
  73.     "path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
  74.     "proxy-addr": "~1.0.8",
  75.     "qs": "4.0.0",
  76.     "range-parser": "~1.0.2",
  77.     "send": "0.13.0",
  78.     "serve-static": "~1.10.0",
  79.     "type-is": "~1.6.6",
  80.     "utils-merge": "1.0.0",
  81.     "vary": "~1.0.1"
  82.   },
  83.   "devDependencies": {
  84.     "after": "0.8.1",
  85.     "ejs": "2.3.3",
  86.     "istanbul": "0.3.17",
  87.     "marked": "0.3.5",
  88.     "mocha": "2.2.5",
  89.     "should": "7.0.2",
  90.     "supertest": "1.0.1",
  91.     "body-parser": "~1.13.3",
  92.     "connect-redis": "~2.4.1",
  93.     "cookie-parser": "~1.3.5",
  94.     "cookie-session": "~1.2.0",
  95.     "express-session": "~1.11.3",
  96.     "jade": "~1.11.0",
  97.     "method-override": "~2.3.5",
  98.     "morgan": "~1.6.1",
  99.     "multiparty": "~4.1.2",
  100.     "vhost": "~3.0.1"
  101.   },
  102.   "engines": {
  103.     "node": ">= 0.10.0"
  104.   },
  105.   "files": [
  106.     "LICENSE",
  107.     "History.md",
  108.     "Readme.md",
  109.     "index.js",
  110.     "lib/"
  111.   ],
  112.   "scripts": {
  113.     "test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
  114.     "test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
  115.     "test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
  116.     "test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
  117.   },
  118.   "gitHead": "ef7ad681b245fba023843ce94f6bcb8e275bbb8e",
  119.   "bugs": {
  120.     "url": "https://github.com/strongloop/express/issues"
  121.   },
  122.   "_id": "express@4.13.3",
  123.   "_shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
  124.   "_from": "express@*",
  125.   "_npmVersion": "1.4.28",
  126.   "_npmUser": {
  127.     "name": "dougwilson",
  128.     "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  129.   },
  130.   "maintainers": [
  131.     {
  132.       "name": "tjholowaychuk",
  133.       "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
  134.     },
  135.     {
  136.       "name": "jongleberry",
  137.       "email": "jonathanrichardong@gmail.com"
  138.     },
  139.     {
  140.       "name": "dougwilson",
  141.       "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  142.     },
  143.     {
  144.       "name": "rfeng",
  145.       "email": "enjoyjava@gmail.com"
  146.     },
  147.     {
  148.       "name": "aredridel",
  149.       "email": "aredridel@dinhe.net"
  150.     },
  151.     {
  152.       "name": "strongloop",
  153.       "email": "callback@strongloop.com"
  154.     },
  155.     {
  156.       "name": "defunctzombie",
  157.       "email": "shtylman@gmail.com"
  158.     }
  159.   ],
  160.   "dist": {
  161.     "shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
  162.     "tarball": "http://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz"
  163.   },
  164.   "directories": {},
  165.   "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz",
  166.   "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
  167. }


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