Shell条件语句

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if 语句通过关系运算符判断表达式的真假来决定执行哪个分支。Shell 有三种 if ... else 语句:
  • if ... fi 语句;
  • if ... else ... fi 语句;
  • if ... elif ... else ... fi 语句。

1) if ... else 语句

if ... else 语句的语法:
if [ expression ]then   Statement(s) to be executed if expression is truefi
注意:expression 和方括号([ ])之间必须有空格,否则会有语法错误。

举个例子:
  1. #!/bin/sh
  2. a=10
  3. b=20
  4. if [ $a == $b ]
  5. then
  6. echo "a is equal to b"
  7. fi
  8. if [ $a != $b ]
  9. then
  10. echo "a is not equal to b"
  11. fi
运行结果:
a is not equal to b

2) if ... else ... fi 语句

举个例子:
  1. #!/bin/sh
  2. a=10
  3. b=20
  4. if [ $a == $b ]
  5. then
  6. echo "a is equal to b"
  7. else
  8. echo "a is not equal to b"
  9. fi
执行结果:
a is not equal to b

3) if ... elif ... fi 语句

举个例子:
  1. #!/bin/sh
  2. a=10
  3. b=20
  4. if [ $a == $b ]
  5. then
  6. echo "a is equal to b"
  7. elif [ $a -gt $b ]
  8. then
  9. echo "a is greater than b"
  10. elif [ $a -lt $b ]
  11. then
  12. echo "a is less than b"
  13. else
  14. echo "None of the condition met"
  15. fi
运行结果:
a is less than b

if ... else 语句也可以写成一行,以命令的方式来运行,像这样:
  1. if test $[2*3] -eq $[1+5]; then echo 'The two numbers are equal!'; fi;

if ... else 语句也经常与 test 命令结合使用,如下所示:
  1. num1=$[2*3]
  2. num2=$[1+5]
  3. if test $[num1] -eq $[num2]
  4. then
  5. echo 'The two numbers are equal!'
  6. else
  7. echo 'The two numbers are not equal!'
  8. fi
输出:
The two numbers are equal!
test 命令用于检查某个条件是否成立,与方括号([ ])类似。

case 语句匹配一个值或一个模式,如果匹配成功,执行相匹配的命令。case语句格式如下:
case 值 in模式1)    command1    command2    command3    ;;模式2)    command1    command2    command3    ;;*)    command1    command2    command3    ;;esac
case工作方式如上所示。取值后面必须为关键字 in,每一模式必须以右括号结束。取值可以为变量或常数。匹配发现取值符合某一模式后,其间所有命令开始执行直至 ;;。;; 与其他语言中的 break 类似,意思是跳到整个 case 语句的最后。

下面的脚本提示输入1到4,与每一种模式进行匹配:
  1. echo 'Input a number between 1 to 4'
  2. echo 'Your number is:\c'
  3. read aNum
  4. case $aNum in
  5. 1) echo 'You select 1'
  6. ;;
  7. 2) echo 'You select 2'
  8. ;;
  9. 3) echo 'You select 3'
  10. ;;
  11. 4) echo 'You select 4'
  12. ;;
  13. *) echo 'You do not select a number between 1 to 4'
  14. ;;
  15. esac
输入不同的内容,会有不同的结果,例如:
Input a number between 1 to 4Your number is:3You select 3

再举一个例子:
  1. #!/bin/bash
  2. option="${1}"
  3. case ${option} in
  4. -f) FILE="${2}"
  5. echo "File name is $FILE"
  6. ;;
  7. -d) DIR="${2}"
  8. echo "Dir name is $DIR"
  9. ;;
  10. *)
  11. echo "`basename ${0}`:usage: [-f file] | [-d directory]"
  12. exit 1 # Command to come out of the program with status 1
  13. ;;
  14. esac
运行结果:
$./test.shtest.sh: usage: [ -f filename ] | [ -d directory ]$ ./test.sh -f index.htmFile name is index.htm$ ./test.sh -d unixDir name is unix

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