Deep learning:三十五(用NN实现数据降维练习)

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前言:

  本文是针对上篇博文Deep learning:三十四(用NN实现数据的降维)的练习部分,也就是Hition大牛science文章reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks的code部分,其code下载见:http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/MatlabForSciencePaper.html。花了点时间阅读并运行了下它的code,其实code主要是2个单独的工程。一个只是用MNIST数据库来进行深度的autoencoder压缩,用的是无监督学习,评价标准是重构误差值MSE。另一个工程是MNIST的手写字体识别,网络的预训练部分用的是无监督的,网络的微调部分用的是有监督的。评价标准准是识别率或者错误率。

 

  MINST降维实验:

  本次是训练4个隐含层的autoencoder深度网络结构,输入层维度为784维,4个隐含层维度分别为1000,500,250,30。整个网络权值的获得流程梳理如下:

  1. 首先训练第一个rbm网络,即输入层784维和第一个隐含层1000维构成的网络。采用的方法是rbm优化,这个过程用的是训练样本,优化完毕后,计算训练样本在隐含层的输出值。
  2. 利用1中的结果作为第2个rbm网络训练的输入值,同样用rbm网络来优化第2个rbm网络,并计算出网络的输出值。并且用同样的方法训练第3个rbm网络和第4个rbm网络。
  3. 将上面4个rbm网络展开连接成新的网络,且分成encoder和decoder部分。并用步骤1和2得到的网络值给这个新网络赋初值。
  4. 由于新网络中最后的输出和最初的输入节点数是相同的,所以可以将最初的输入值作为网络理论的输出标签值,然后采用BP算法计算网络的代价函数和代价函数的偏导数。
  5. 利用步骤3的初始值和步骤4的代价值和偏导值,采用共轭梯度下降法优化整个新网络,得到最终的网络权值。以上整个过程都是无监督的。

 

  一些matlab函数:

  rem和mod:

  参考资料取模(mod)与取余(rem)的区别——Matlab学习笔记

  通常取模运算也叫取余运算,它们返回结果都是余数.rem和mod唯一的区别在于:
  当x和y的正负号一样的时候,两个函数结果是等同的;当x和y的符号不同时,rem函数结果的符号和x的一样,而mod和y一样。这是由于这两个函数的生成机制不同,rem函数采用fix函数,而mod函数采用了floor函数(这两个函数是用来取整的,fix函数向0方向舍入,floor函数向无穷小方向舍入)。rem(x,y)命令返回的是x-n.*y,如果y不等于0,其中的n = fix(x./y),而mod(x,y)返回的是x-n.*y,当y不等于0时,n=floor(x./y)

  工程中的m文件:

  converter.m:

  实现的功能是将样本集从.ubyte格式转换成.ascii格式,然后继续转换成.mat格式。

  makebatches.m:

  实现的是将原本的2维数据集变成3维的,因为分了多个批次,另外1维表示的是批次。

  下面来看下在程序中大致实现RBM权值的优化步骤(假设是一个2层的RBM网络,即只有输入层和输出层,且这两层上的变量是二值变量):

  1. 随机给网络初始化一个权值矩阵w和偏置向量b。
  2. 对可视层输入矩阵v正向传播,计算出隐含层的输出矩阵h,并计算出输入v和h对应节点乘积的均值矩阵
  3. 此时2中的输出h为概率值,将它随机01化为二值变量。
  4. 利用3中01化了的h方向传播计算出可视层的矩阵v’.(按照道理,这个v'应该是要01化的)
  5. 对v’进行正向传播计算出隐含层的矩阵h’,并计算出v’和h’对应节点乘积的均值矩阵。
  6. 用2中得到的均值矩阵减掉5中得到的均值矩阵,其结果作为对应权值增量的矩阵。
  7. 结合其对应的学习率,利用权值迭代公式对权值进行迭代。
  8. 重复计算2到7,直至收敛。

  偏置值的优化步骤:

  1. 随机给网络初始化一个权值矩阵w和偏置向量b。
  2. 对可视层输入矩阵v正向传播,计算出隐含层的输出矩阵h,并计算v层样本的均值向量以及h层的均值向量。
  3. 此时2中的输出h为概率值,将它随机01化为二值变量。
  4. 利用3中01化了的h方向传播计算出可视层的矩阵v’.
  5. 对v’进行正向传播计算出隐含层的矩阵h’,并计算v‘层样本的均值向量以及h’层的均值向量。
  6. 用2中得到的v方均值向量减掉5中得到的v’方的均值向量,其结果作为输入层v对应偏置的增值向量。用2中得到的h方均值向量减掉5中得到的h’方的均值向量,其结果作为输入层h对应偏置的增值向量。
  7. 结合其对应的学习率,利用权值迭代公式对偏置值进行迭代。
  8. 重复计算2到7,直至收敛。

  当然了,权值更新和偏置值更新每次迭代都是同时进行的,所以应该是同时收敛的。并且在权值更新公式也可以稍微作下变形,比如加入momentum变量,即本次权值更新的增量会保留一部分上次更新权值的增量值。

  函数CG_MNIST形式如下:

  function [f, df] = CG_MNIST(VV,Dim,XX);

  该函数实现的功能是计算网络代价函数值f,以及f对网络中各个参数值的偏导数df,权值和偏置值是同时处理。其中参数VV为网络中所有参数构成的列向量,参数Dim为每层网络的节点数构成的向量,XX为训练样本集合。f和df分别表示网络的代价函数和偏导函数值。 

  共轭梯度下降的优化函数形式为:

  [X, fX, i] = minimize(X, f, length, P1, P2,P3, ... )

  该函数时使用共轭梯度的方法来对参数X进行优化,所以X是网络的参数值,为一个列向量。f是一个函数的名称,它主要是用来计算网络中的代价函数以及代价函数对各个参数X的偏导函数,f的参数值分别为X,以及minimize函数后面的P1,P2,P3,…使用共轭梯度法进行优化的最大线性搜索长度为length。返回值X为找到的最优参数,fX为在此最优参数X下的代价函数,i为线性搜索的长度(即迭代的次数)。

 

  实验结果:

  由于在实验过程中,作者将迭代次数设置为200,本人在实验时发现迭代到35次时已经花了6个多小时,所以懒得等那么久了(需长达30多个小时),此时的原始数字和重构数字显示如下:

   

  均方误差结果为:

  Train squared error:  4.318

  Test squared error:  4.520

 

  实验主要部分代码及注释:

mnistdeepauto.m:

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clear allclose allmaxepoch=10; %In the Science paper we use maxepoch=50, but it works just fine. numhid=1000; numpen=500; numpen2=250; numopen=30;fprintf(1,'Converting Raw files into Matlab format \n');converter; % 转换数据为matlab的格式fprintf(1,'Pretraining a deep autoencoder. \n');fprintf(1,'The Science paper used 50 epochs. This uses %3i \n', maxepoch);makebatches;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);fprintf(1,'Pretraining Layer 1 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numdims,numhid);restart=1;rbm;hidrecbiases=hidbiases; %hidbiases为隐含层的偏置值save mnistvh vishid hidrecbiases visbiases;%保持每层的变量,分别为权值,隐含层偏置值,可视层偏置值fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 2 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numhid,numpen);batchdata=batchposhidprobs;%batchposhidprobs为第一个rbm的输出概率值numhid=numpen;restart=1;rbm;% 第2个rbm的训练hidpen=vishid; penrecbiases=hidbiases; hidgenbiases=visbiases;save mnisthp hidpen penrecbiases hidgenbiases;%mnisthp为所保存的文件名fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 3 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen,numpen2);batchdata=batchposhidprobs;numhid=numpen2;restart=1;rbm;hidpen2=vishid; penrecbiases2=hidbiases; hidgenbiases2=visbiases;%第3个rbmsave mnisthp2 hidpen2 penrecbiases2 hidgenbiases2;fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 4 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen2,numopen);batchdata=batchposhidprobs;numhid=numopen; restart=1;rbmhidlinear;hidtop=vishid; toprecbiases=hidbiases; topgenbiases=visbiases;%第4个rbmsave mnistpo hidtop toprecbiases topgenbiases;backprop; 
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rbm.m:

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epsilonw      = 0.1;   % Learning rate for weights epsilonvb     = 0.1;   % Learning rate for biases of visible units epsilonhb     = 0.1;   % Learning rate for biases of hidden units %由此可见这里隐含层和可视层的偏置值不是共用的,当然了,其权值是共用的weightcost  = 0.0002;   initialmomentum  = 0.5;finalmomentum    = 0.9;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);%[100,784,600]if restart ==1,  restart=0;  epoch=1;% Initializing symmetric weights and biases.   vishid     = 0.1*randn(numdims, numhid); %权值初始值随便给,784*1000  hidbiases  = zeros(1,numhid); %偏置值初始化为0  visbiases  = zeros(1,numdims);  poshidprobs = zeros(numcases,numhid);%100*1000,单个batch正向传播时隐含层的输出概率  neghidprobs = zeros(numcases,numhid);  posprods    = zeros(numdims,numhid);%784*1000  negprods    = zeros(numdims,numhid);  vishidinc  = zeros(numdims,numhid);  hidbiasinc = zeros(1,numhid);  visbiasinc = zeros(1,numdims);  batchposhidprobs=zeros(numcases,numhid,numbatches);% 整个数据正向传播时隐含层的输出概率endfor epoch = epoch:maxepoch, %总共迭代10次 fprintf(1,'epoch %d\r',epoch);  errsum=0; for batch = 1:numbatches, %每次迭代都有遍历所有的batch fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);%%%%%%%%% START POSITIVE PHASE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  data = batchdata(:,:,batch);% 每次迭代都需要取出一个batch的数据,每一行代表一个样本值(这里的数据是double的,不是01的,严格的说后面应将其01化)  poshidprobs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*vishid - repmat(hidbiases,numcases,1)));% 样本正向传播时隐含层节点的输出概率      batchposhidprobs(:,:,batch)=poshidprobs;  posprods    = data' * poshidprobs;%784*1000,这个是求系统的能量值用的,矩阵中每个元素表示对应的可视层节点和隐含层节点的乘积(包含此次样本的数据对应值的累加)  poshidact   = sum(poshidprobs);%针对样本值进行求和  posvisact = sum(data);%%%%%%%%% END OF POSITIVE PHASE  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  poshidstates = poshidprobs > rand(numcases,numhid); %将隐含层数据01化(此步骤在posprods之后进行),按照概率值大小来判定.                                %rand(m,n)为产生m*n大小的矩阵,矩阵中元素为(0,1)之间的均匀分布。%%%%%%%%% START NEGATIVE PHASE  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  negdata = 1./(1 + exp(-poshidstates*vishid' - repmat(visbiases,numcases,1)));% 反向进行时的可视层数据  neghidprobs = 1./(1 + exp(-negdata*vishid - repmat(hidbiases,numcases,1)));% 反向进行后又马上正向传播的隐含层概率值      negprods  = negdata'*neghidprobs;% 同理也是计算能量值用的,784*1000  neghidact = sum(neghidprobs);  negvisact = sum(negdata); %%%%%%%%% END OF NEGATIVE PHASE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  err= sum(sum( (data-negdata).^2 ));% 重构后的差值  errsum = err + errsum; % 变量errsum只是用来输出每次迭代时的误差而已   if epoch>5,     momentum=finalmomentum;%0.5,momentum为保持上一次权值更新增量的比例,如果迭代次数越少,则这个比例值可以稍微大一点   else     momentum=initialmomentum;%0.9   end;%%%%%%%%% UPDATE WEIGHTS AND BIASES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     vishidinc = momentum*vishidinc + ... %vishidinc 784*1000,权值更新时的增量;                epsilonw*( (posprods-negprods)/numcases - weightcost*vishid); %posprods/numcases求的是正向传播时vihj的期望,同理negprods/numcases是逆向重构时它们的期望    visbiasinc = momentum*visbiasinc + (epsilonvb/numcases)*(posvisact-negvisact); %这3个都是按照权值更新公式来的    hidbiasinc = momentum*hidbiasinc + (epsilonhb/numcases)*(poshidact-neghidact);    vishid = vishid + vishidinc;    visbiases = visbiases + visbiasinc;    hidbiases = hidbiases + hidbiasinc;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF UPDATES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   end  fprintf(1, 'epoch %4i error %6.1f  \n', epoch, errsum); end;
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CG_MNIST.m:

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function [f, df] = CG_MNIST(VV,Dim,XX);l1 = Dim(1);l2 = Dim(2);l3 = Dim(3);l4= Dim(4);l5= Dim(5);l6= Dim(6);l7= Dim(7);l8= Dim(8);l9= Dim(9);N = size(XX,1);% 样本的个数% Do decomversion. w1 = reshape(VV(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);% VV是一个长的列向量,这里取出的向量已经包括了偏置值 xxx = (l1+1)*l2; %xxx 表示已经使用了的长度 w2 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3); xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3; w3 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4); xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4; w4 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5); xxx = xxx+(l4+1)*l5; w5 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l5+1)*l6),l5+1,l6); xxx = xxx+(l5+1)*l6; w6 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l6+1)*l7),l6+1,l7); xxx = xxx+(l6+1)*l7; w7 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l7+1)*l8),l7+1,l8); xxx = xxx+(l7+1)*l8; w8 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l8+1)*l9),l8+1,l9);% 上面一系列步骤完成权值的矩阵化  XX = [XX ones(N,1)];  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];  w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];  w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];  w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];  XXout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));f = -1/N*sum(sum( XX(:,1:end-1).*log(XXout) + (1-XX(:,1:end-1)).*log(1-XXout)));%原始数据和重构数据的交叉熵IO = 1/N*(XXout-XX(:,1:end-1));Ix8=IO; dw8 =  w7probs'*Ix8;%输出层的误差项,但是这个公式怎么和以前介绍的不同,因为它的误差评价标准是交叉熵,不是MSEIx7 = (Ix8*w8').*w7probs.*(1-w7probs); Ix7 = Ix7(:,1:end-1);dw7 =  w6probs'*Ix7;Ix6 = (Ix7*w7').*w6probs.*(1-w6probs); Ix6 = Ix6(:,1:end-1);dw6 =  w5probs'*Ix6;Ix5 = (Ix6*w6').*w5probs.*(1-w5probs); Ix5 = Ix5(:,1:end-1);dw5 =  w4probs'*Ix5;Ix4 = (Ix5*w5');Ix4 = Ix4(:,1:end-1);dw4 =  w3probs'*Ix4;Ix3 = (Ix4*w4').*w3probs.*(1-w3probs); Ix3 = Ix3(:,1:end-1);dw3 =  w2probs'*Ix3;Ix2 = (Ix3*w3').*w2probs.*(1-w2probs); Ix2 = Ix2(:,1:end-1);dw2 =  w1probs'*Ix2;Ix1 = (Ix2*w2').*w1probs.*(1-w1probs); Ix1 = Ix1(:,1:end-1);dw1 =  XX'*Ix1;df = [dw1(:)' dw2(:)' dw3(:)' dw4(:)' dw5(:)' dw6(:)'  dw7(:)'  dw8(:)'  ]'; %网络代价函数的偏导数
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backprop.m:

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maxepoch=200;%迭代35次就用了6个多小时,200次要30多个小时,太长时间了,就没让它继续运行了fprintf(1,'\nFine-tuning deep autoencoder by minimizing cross entropy error. \n');%其微调通过最小化交叉熵来实现fprintf(1,'60 batches of 1000 cases each. \n');load mnistvh% 分别download4个rbm的参数load mnisthpload mnisthp2load mnistpo makebatches;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);N=numcases; %%%% PREINITIALIZE WEIGHTS OF THE AUTOENCODER %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%w1=[vishid; hidrecbiases];%分别装载每层的权值和偏置值,将它们作为一个整体w2=[hidpen; penrecbiases];w3=[hidpen2; penrecbiases2];w4=[hidtop; toprecbiases];w5=[hidtop'; topgenbiases]; w6=[hidpen2'; hidgenbiases2]; w7=[hidpen'; hidgenbiases]; w8=[vishid'; visbiases];%%%%%%%%%% END OF PREINITIALIZATIO OF WEIGHTS  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%l1=size(w1,1)-1;%每个网络层中节点的个数l2=size(w2,1)-1;l3=size(w3,1)-1;l4=size(w4,1)-1;l5=size(w5,1)-1;l6=size(w6,1)-1;l7=size(w7,1)-1;l8=size(w8,1)-1;l9=l1; %输出层节点和输入层的一样test_err=[];train_err=[];for epoch = 1:maxepoch%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TRAINING RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%err=0; [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);N=numcases; for batch = 1:numbatches  data = [batchdata(:,:,batch)];  data = [data ones(N,1)];% b补上一维,因为有偏置项  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];%正向传播,计算每一层的输出,且同时在输出上增加一维(值为常量1)  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];  w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];  w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];  w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];  dataout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));  err= err +  1/N*sum(sum( (data(:,1:end-1)-dataout).^2 )); %重构的误差值  end train_err(epoch)=err/numbatches;%总的误差值(训练样本上)%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TRAINING RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DISPLAY FIGURE TOP ROW REAL DATA BOTTOM ROW RECONSTRUCTIONS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%fprintf(1,'Displaying in figure 1: Top row - real data, Bottom row -- reconstructions \n');output=[]; for ii=1:15  output = [output data(ii,1:end-1)' dataout(ii,:)'];%output为15(因为是显示15个数字)组,每组2列,分别为理论值和重构值 end   if epoch==1    close all    figure('Position',[100,600,1000,200]);   else    figure(1)   end    mnistdisp(output);   drawnow;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TEST RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%[testnumcases testnumdims testnumbatches]=size(testbatchdata);N=testnumcases;err=0;for batch = 1:testnumbatches  data = [testbatchdata(:,:,batch)];  data = [data ones(N,1)];  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];  w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];  w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];  w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];  dataout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));  err = err +  1/N*sum(sum( (data(:,1:end-1)-dataout).^2 ));  end test_err(epoch)=err/testnumbatches; fprintf(1,'Before epoch %d Train squared error: %6.3f Test squared error: %6.3f \t \t \n',epoch,train_err(epoch),test_err(epoch));%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TEST RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% tt=0; for batch = 1:numbatches/10 %测试样本numbatches是100 fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);%%%%%%%%%%% COMBINE 10 MINIBATCHES INTO 1 LARGER MINIBATCH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% tt=tt+1;  data=[]; for kk=1:10  data=[data         batchdata(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)];  end %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PERFORM CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%共轭梯度线性搜索  max_iter=3;  VV = [w1(:)' w2(:)' w3(:)' w4(:)' w5(:)' w6(:)' w7(:)' w8(:)']';% 把所有权值(已经包括了偏置值)变成一个大的列向量  Dim = [l1; l2; l3; l4; l5; l6; l7; l8; l9];%每层网络对应节点的个数(不包括偏置值)  [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_MNIST',max_iter,Dim,data);  w1 = reshape(X(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);  xxx = (l1+1)*l2;  w2 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);  xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;  w3 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);  xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;  w4 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);  xxx = xxx+(l4+1)*l5;  w5 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l5+1)*l6),l5+1,l6);  xxx = xxx+(l5+1)*l6;  w6 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l6+1)*l7),l6+1,l7);  xxx = xxx+(l6+1)*l7;  w7 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l7+1)*l8),l7+1,l8);  xxx = xxx+(l7+1)*l8;  w8 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l8+1)*l9),l8+1,l9); %依次重新赋值为优化后的参数%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end save mnist_weights w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8  save mnist_error test_err train_err;end
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  MINST识别实验:

  MINST手写数字库的识别部分和前面的降维部分其实很相似。首先它也是预训练整个网络,只不过在MINST识别时,预训练的网络部分需要包括输出softmax部分,且这部分预训练时是用的有监督方法的。在微调部分的不同体现在:MINST降维部分是用的无监督方法,即数据的标签为原始的输入数据。而MINST识别部分数据的标签为训练样本的实际标签

  在进行MINST手写数字体识别的时候,需要计算加入了softmax部分的网络的代价函数,作者的程序中给出了2个函数。其中第一个函数用于预训练softmax分类器:

  function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY_INIT(VV,Dim,w3probs,target);

  该函数是专门针对softmax分类器那部分预训练用的,因为一开始的rbm预训练部分没有包括输出层softmax网络。输入参数VV表示整个网络的权值向量(也包括了softmax那一部分),Dim为sofmmax对应部分的2层网络节点个数的向量,w3probs为训练softmax所用的样本集,target为对应样本集的标签。f和df分别为softmax网络的代价函数和代价函数的偏导数。

  另一个才是真正的计算网络微调的代价函数:

  function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY(VV,Dim,XX,target);

  函数输入值VV代表网络的参数向量,Dim为每层网络的节点数向量,XX为训练样本集,target为训练样本集的标签,f和df分别为整个网络的代价函数以及代价函数的偏导数。

 

  实验结果:

  作者采用的1个输入层,3个隐含层和一个softmax分类层的输出层,网络的节点数依次为:784-500-500-2000-10。

  其最终识别的错误率为:1.2%.

 

  实验主要部分代码及注释:

mnistclassify.m:

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clear allclose allmaxepoch=50; numhid=500; numpen=500; numpen2=2000; fprintf(1,'Converting Raw files into Matlab format \n');converter; fprintf(1,'Pretraining a deep autoencoder. \n');fprintf(1,'The Science paper used 50 epochs. This uses %3i \n', maxepoch);makebatches;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);fprintf(1,'Pretraining Layer 1 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numdims,numhid);restart=1;rbm;hidrecbiases=hidbiases; save mnistvhclassify vishid hidrecbiases visbiases;%mnistvhclassify为第一层网络的权值保存的文件名fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 2 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numhid,numpen);batchdata=batchposhidprobs;numhid=numpen;restart=1;rbm;hidpen=vishid; penrecbiases=hidbiases; hidgenbiases=visbiases;save mnisthpclassify hidpen penrecbiases hidgenbiases;%mnisthpclassify和前面类似,第2层网络的fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 3 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen,numpen2);batchdata=batchposhidprobs;numhid=numpen2;restart=1;rbm;hidpen2=vishid; penrecbiases2=hidbiases; hidgenbiases2=visbiases;save mnisthp2classify hidpen2 penrecbiases2 hidgenbiases2;backpropclassify; 
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backpropclassify.m:

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maxepoch=200;fprintf(1,'\nTraining discriminative model on MNIST by minimizing cross entropy error. \n');fprintf(1,'60 batches of 1000 cases each. \n');load mnistvhclassify %载入3个rbm网络的预训练好了的权值load mnisthpclassifyload mnisthp2classifymakebatches;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);N=numcases; %%%% PREINITIALIZE WEIGHTS OF THE DISCRIMINATIVE MODEL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%w1=[vishid; hidrecbiases];w2=[hidpen; penrecbiases];w3=[hidpen2; penrecbiases2];w_class = 0.1*randn(size(w3,2)+1,10); %因为要分类,所以最后一层直接输出10个节点,类似softmax分类器 %%%%%%%%%% END OF PREINITIALIZATIO OF WEIGHTS  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%l1=size(w1,1)-1;l2=size(w2,1)-1;l3=size(w3,1)-1;l4=size(w_class,1)-1;l5=10; test_err=[];train_err=[];for epoch = 1:maxepoch %200%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TRAINING MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%err=0; err_cr=0;counter=0;[numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);N=numcases; for batch = 1:numbatches  data = [batchdata(:,:,batch)];  target = [batchtargets(:,:,batch)];  data = [data ones(N,1)];  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);  targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10); %softmax分类器  [I J]=max(targetout,[],2);%J是索引值  [I1 J1]=max(target,[],2);  counter=counter+length(find(J==J1));% length(find(J==J1))表示为预测值和网络输出值相等的个数  err_cr = err_cr- sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ; end train_err(epoch)=(numcases*numbatches-counter);%每次迭代的训练误差 train_crerr(epoch)=err_cr/numbatches;%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TRAINING MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TEST MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%err=0;err_cr=0;counter=0;[testnumcases testnumdims testnumbatches]=size(testbatchdata);N=testnumcases;for batch = 1:testnumbatches  data = [testbatchdata(:,:,batch)];  target = [testbatchtargets(:,:,batch)];  data = [data ones(N,1)];  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);  targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);  [I J]=max(targetout,[],2);  [I1 J1]=max(target,[],2);  counter=counter+length(find(J==J1));  err_cr = err_cr- sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;end test_err(epoch)=(testnumcases*testnumbatches-counter); %测试样本的误差,这都是在预训练基础上得到的结果 test_crerr(epoch)=err_cr/testnumbatches; fprintf(1,'Before epoch %d Train # misclassified: %d (from %d). Test # misclassified: %d (from %d) \t \t \n',...            epoch,train_err(epoch),numcases*numbatches,test_err(epoch),testnumcases*testnumbatches);%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TEST MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% tt=0; for batch = 1:numbatches/10 fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);%%%%%%%%%%% COMBINE 10 MINIBATCHES INTO 1 LARGER MINIBATCH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% tt=tt+1;  data=[]; targets=[];  for kk=1:10  data=[data         batchdata(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)];   targets=[targets        batchtargets(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)]; end %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PERFORM CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  max_iter=3;  if epoch<6  % First update top-level weights holding other weights fixed. 前6次迭代都是针对softmax部分的预训练    N = size(data,1);    XX = [data ones(N,1)];    w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];    w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];    w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); %w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];    VV = [w_class(:)']';    Dim = [l4; l5];    [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_CLASSIFY_INIT',max_iter,Dim,w3probs,targets);    w_class = reshape(X,l4+1,l5);  else    VV = [w1(:)' w2(:)' w3(:)' w_class(:)']';    Dim = [l1; l2; l3; l4; l5];    [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_CLASSIFY',max_iter,Dim,data,targets);    w1 = reshape(X(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);    xxx = (l1+1)*l2;    w2 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);    xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;    w3 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);    xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;    w_class = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);  end%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end save mnistclassify_weights w1 w2 w3 w_class save mnistclassify_error test_err test_crerr train_err train_crerr;end
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CG_CLASSIFY_INIT.m:

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function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY_INIT(VV,Dim,w3probs,target);%只有2层网络l1 = Dim(1);l2 = Dim(2);N = size(w3probs,1);%N为训练样本的个数% Do decomversion.  w_class = reshape(VV,l1+1,l2);  w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];    targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);  targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);  f = -sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;%f位softmax分类器的误差函数IO = (targetout-target(:,1:end));Ix_class=IO; dw_class =  w3probs'*Ix_class; %偏导值df = [dw_class(:)']'; 
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CG_CLASSIFY.m:

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function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY(VV,Dim,XX,target);l1 = Dim(1);l2 = Dim(2);l3= Dim(3);l4= Dim(4);l5= Dim(5);N = size(XX,1);% Do decomversion. w1 = reshape(VV(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2); xxx = (l1+1)*l2; w2 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3); xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3; w3 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4); xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4; w_class = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);  XX = [XX ones(N,1)];  w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];  w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];  w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);  targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);  f = -sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;IO = (targetout-target(:,1:end));Ix_class=IO; dw_class =  w3probs'*Ix_class; Ix3 = (Ix_class*w_class').*w3probs.*(1-w3probs);Ix3 = Ix3(:,1:end-1);dw3 =  w2probs'*Ix3;Ix2 = (Ix3*w3').*w2probs.*(1-w2probs); Ix2 = Ix2(:,1:end-1);dw2 =  w1probs'*Ix2;Ix1 = (Ix2*w2').*w1probs.*(1-w1probs); Ix1 = Ix1(:,1:end-1);dw1 =  XX'*Ix1;df = [dw1(:)' dw2(:)' dw3(:)' dw_class(:)']'; 
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   实验总结:

   1. 终于阅读了一个RBM的源码了,以前看那些各种公式的理论,现在有了对应的code,读对应的code起来就是爽!

   2. 这里由于用的是整个图片进行训练(不是用的它们的patch部分),所以没有对应的convolution和pooling,因此预训练网络结构时下一个rbm网络的输入就是上一个rbm网络的输出,且当没有加入softmax时的微调阶段用的依旧是无监督的学习(此时的标签依旧为原始的输入数据);而当加入了softmax后的微调部分用的就是训练样本的真实标签了,因为此时需要进行分类。

   3. 深度越深,则网络的微调时间越长,需要很多时间收敛,即使是进行了预训练。

   4. 暂时还没弄懂要是针对大图片采用covolution训练时,第二层网络的数据来源是什么,有可能和上面的一样,是上层网络的输出(但是此时微调怎么办呢,不用标签数据?)也有可能是大图片经过第一层网络covolution,pooling后的输出值(如果是这样的话,网络的代价函数就不好弄了,因为里面有convolution和pooling操作)。

 

  参考资料:

     Deep learning:三十四(用NN实现数据的降维)

  reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks

     http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/MatlabForSciencePaper.html

     取模(mod)与取余(rem)的区别——Matlab学习笔记

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