通俗的解释JAVA wait/notify机制

来源:互联网 发布:mac 10.10升级10.12 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/06/06 00:52

生活中,我们常遇到需要等待的场景,例如去银行办事,在没轮到自己之前需要一直等待,但是如果需要自己每隔几秒钟就去柜台前看看状况,那肯定是种非常低效和令人恼火的体验。而实际的情况是,接待员会让您拿个号,说"请稍等一会"(wait); 当排到时,语言和大屏幕会提示"请XXX号到N号柜台办理"(notify)。

wait/notify机制也正是处理这样的场景:线程继续执行需要等待某个条件的变化,这个条件由另一个任务改变,如果一直空循环检查条件变化,是一种不良的CPU使用方式,这时候可以调用wait()将任务挂起,在其他线程调用了notify()或notifyAll()时,任务被唤醒并检查条件的变化。

这个过程中,锁的持有发生了变化。介绍wait/notify最常用的例子是生产者和消费者,设想你去饭馆吃饭,叫来服务员说,把我的宫保鸡丁端上来吧。这时候你获得了服务员的锁,在解决你的事情前,服务员不能去做别的事。(同一时间,厨师可能已经做好了宫保鸡丁,等服务员来端,但是服务员在和你说话,厨师束手无策(等待锁)。)服务员没有宫保鸡丁,只能对你说:您稍等一下,我去厨房催催。服务员调用了wait()方法,你只好释放锁,服务员回到厨房,厨师怒气冲冲的喊(获得锁),宫保鸡丁好了,端走。

下面用程序演示这一场景: 

public class Waiter {private String dishes = null;public synchronized String getDishes() {System.out.printf("顾客获得服务员锁%n");while(this.dishes == null) {try {System.out.printf("顾客取菜,没有菜...顾客线程等待(释放锁)%n");wait();} catch(InterruptedException ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}}String d = this.dishes;System.out.printf("顾客取走: %s%n", this.dishes);this.dishes = null;notifyAll();System.out.printf("服务员通知正在等待的线程%n");return d;}public synchronized void setDishes(String dishes) {System.out.printf("厨师获得服务员锁%n");while(this.dishes != null) {try {System.out.printf("厨师交菜,服务员已经端了另一份菜...厨师线程等待(释放锁)%n");wait();} catch(InterruptedException ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}}this.dishes = dishes;System.out.printf("厨师交菜: %s%n", this.dishes);notifyAll();System.out.printf("服务员通知正在等待的线程(顾客)%n");}public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {Waiter busy = new Waiter();for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread consumer = new Thread() {public void run() {busy.getDishes();}};consumer.start();}Thread.sleep(100);for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread chef = new Thread() {public void run() {String dishes = "宫保鸡丁";busy.setDishes(dishes);}};chef.start();}}}

运行结果:

顾客获得服务员锁顾客取菜,没有菜...顾客线程等待(释放锁)厨师获得服务员锁厨师交菜: 宫保鸡丁服务员通知正在等待的线程(顾客)顾客取走: 宫保鸡丁服务员通知正在等待的线程(厨师)

下面来说明notifyAll的作用。

修改下代码,把厨师和顾客都增加到10个

public static void main(String[] args) {Waiter busy = new Waiter();for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread consumer = new Thread() {public void run() {busy.getDishes();}};consumer.start();}for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread chef = new Thread() {public void run() {String dishes = "宫保鸡丁";busy.setDishes(dishes);}};chef.start();}}
执行后会发现程序会陷入永久的等待无法结束,这是因为notify()方法只唤醒众多等待的线程中的一个,拿到菜后本应唤醒顾客取走,但是有可能随机唤醒了另一个等待的厨师,没有顾客能取走服务员手中的菜,这时候程序就无法继续下去了。

解决的方法有两种:

1 把notify()改成notifyAll(),唤醒所有等待的线程

2 使用java.util.concurrent库中的Condition,把等待的线程分为厨师和顾客两个集合,代码如下:

public class ConditionWaiter {private String dishes = null;private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();private Condition conConsumer = lock.newCondition();private Condition conChef = lock.newCondition();public String getDishes() {try {lock.lock();System.out.printf("顾客获得服务员锁%n");while(this.dishes == null) {try {System.out.printf("顾客取菜,没有菜...顾客线程等待%n");conConsumer.await();} catch(InterruptedException ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}}String d = this.dishes;System.out.printf("顾客取走:%s%n", this.dishes);this.dishes = null;conChef.signal();System.out.printf("服务员通知正在等待的线程(厨师)%n");return d;} finally {lock.unlock();}}public void setDishes(String dishes) {try {lock.lock();System.out.printf("厨师获得服务员锁%n");while(this.dishes != null) {try {System.out.printf("厨师交菜,服务员已经端了另一份菜...厨师线程等待%n");conChef.await();} catch(InterruptedException ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}}this.dishes = dishes;System.out.printf("厨师交菜:%s%n", this.dishes);conConsumer.signal();System.out.printf("服务员通知正在等待的线程(顾客)%n");} finally {lock.unlock();}}public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ConditionWaiter busy = new ConditionWaiter();for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread consumer = new Thread() {public void run() {busy.getDishes();}};consumer.start();}Thread.sleep(100);for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread chef = new Thread() {public void run() {String dishes = "宫保鸡丁";busy.setDishes(dishes);}};chef.start();}}}


事实上,wait/notify机制编程模型复杂也运行低效,通常我们应该采取更高级的类库实现类似场景。以下代码是使用BlockingQueue实现线程协作的示例:

public class BlockingQueueWaiter {static BlockingQueue<String> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(1);public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread consumer = new Thread() {public void run() {String dishes;try {System.out.printf("顾客尝试取菜%n");dishes = queue.take();System.out.printf("顾客取走:%s%n", dishes);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}};consumer.start();}Thread.sleep(100);for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread chef = new Thread() {public void run() {String dishes = "宫保鸡丁";try {System.out.printf("厨师尝试交菜%n");queue.put(dishes);System.out.printf("厨师交菜:%s%n", dishes);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}};chef.start();}}}




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