分分钟学会一门语言之Python篇

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Python 是 90 年代初由 Guido Van Rossum 创立的。它是当前最流行的程序语言之一。它那纯净的语法令我一见倾心,它简直就是可以运行的伪码。

Source File:adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs - GitHub

Translated by:cssmagic

# 单行注释由一个井号开头。""" Multiline strings can be written    using three "'s, and are often used    as comments    三个双引号(或单引号)之间可以写多行字符串,    通常用来写注释。""" ###################################################### 1. Primitive Datatypes and Operators## 1. 基本数据类型和操作符#################################################### # You have numbers# 数字就是数字3 #=> 3 # Math is what you would expect# 四则运算也是你所期望的那样1 + 1 #=> 28 - 1 #=> 710 * 2 #=> 2035 / 5 #=> 7 # Division is a bit tricky. It is integer division and floors the results# automatically.# 除法有一点棘手。# 对于整数除法来说,计算结果会自动取整。5 / 2 #=> 2 # To fix division we need to learn about floats.# 为了修正除法的问题,我们需要先学习浮点数。2.0     # This is a float2.0     # 这是一个浮点数11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 ahhh...much better11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 啊……这样就好多了 # Enforce precedence with parentheses# 使用小括号来强制计算的优先顺序(1 + 3) * 2 #=> 8 # Boolean values are primitives# 布尔值也是基本数据类型TrueFalse # negate with not# 使用 not 来取反not True #=> Falsenot False #=> True # Equality is ==# 等式判断用 ==1 == 1 #=> True2 == 1 #=> False # Inequality is !=# 不等式判断是用 !=1 != 1 #=> False2 != 1 #=> True # More comparisons# 还有更多的比较运算1 < 10 #=> True1 > 10 #=> False2 <= 2 #=> True2 >= 2 #=> True # Comparisons can be chained!# 居然可以把比较运算串连起来!1 < 2 < 3 #=> True2 < 3 < 2 #=> False # Strings are created with " or '# 使用 " 或 ' 来创建字符串"This is a string."'This is also a string.' # Strings can be added too!# 字符串也可以相加!"Hello " + "world!" #=> "Hello world!" # A string can be treated like a list of characters# 一个字符串可以视为一个字符的列表# (译注:后面会讲到“列表”。)"This is a string"[0] #=> 'T' # % can be used to format strings, like this:# % 可以用来格式化字符串,就像这样:"%s can be %s" % ("strings", "interpolated") # A newer way to format strings is the format method.# This method is the preferred way# 后来又有一种格式化字符串的新方法:format 方法。# 我们推荐使用这个方法。"{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted") # You can use keywords if you don't want to count.# 如果你不喜欢数数的话,可以使用关键字(变量)。"{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna") # None is an object# None 是一个对象None #=> None # Don't use the equality `==` symbol to compare objects to None# Use `is` instead# 不要使用相等符号 `==` 来把对象和 None 进行比较,# 而要用 `is`。"etc" is None #=> FalseNone is None  #=> True # The 'is' operator tests for object identity. This isn't# very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is# very useful when dealing with objects.# 这个 `is` 操作符用于比较两个对象的标识。# (译注:对象一旦建立,其标识就不会改变,可以认为它就是对象的内存地址。)# 在处理基本数据类型时基本用不上,# 但它在处理对象时很有用。 # None, 0, and empty strings/lists all evaluate to False.# All other values are True# None、0 以及空字符串和空列表都等于 False,# 除此以外的所有值都等于 True。0 == False  #=> True"" == False #=> True  ###################################################### 2. Variables and Collections## 2. 变量和集合#################################################### # Printing is pretty easy# 打印输出很简单print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!"  # No need to declare variables before assigning to them.# 在赋值给变量之前不需要声明some_var = 5    # Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores                # 变量名的约定是使用下划线分隔的小写单词some_var #=> 5 # Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an exception.# See Control Flow to learn more about exception handling.# 访问一个未赋值的变量会产生一个异常。# 进一步了解异常处理,可参见下一节《控制流》。some_other_var  # Raises a name error                # 会抛出一个名称错误 # if can be used as an expression# if 可以作为表达式来使用"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 #=> "yahoo!" # Lists store sequences# 列表用于存储序列li = []# You can start with a prefilled list# 我们先尝试一个预先填充好的列表other_li = [4, 5, 6] # Add stuff to the end of a list with append# 使用 append 方法把元素添加到列表的尾部li.append(1)    #li is now [1]                #li 现在是 [1]li.append(2)    #li is now [1, 2]                #li 现在是 [1, 2]li.append(4)    #li is now [1, 2, 4]                #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]li.append(3)    #li is now [1, 2, 4, 3]                #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4, 3]# Remove from the end with pop# 使用 pop 来移除最后一个元素li.pop()        #=> 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]                #=> 3,然后 li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]# Let's put it back# 我们再把它放回去li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.                # li 现在又是 [1, 2, 4, 3] 了 # Access a list like you would any array# 像访问其它语言的数组那样访问列表li[0] #=> 1# Look at the last element# 查询最后一个元素li[-1] #=> 3 # Looking out of bounds is an IndexError# 越界查询会产生一个索引错误li[4] # Raises an IndexError      # 抛出一个索引错误 # You can look at ranges with slice syntax.# (It's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)# 你可以使用切片语法来查询列表的一个范围。# (这个范围相当于数学中的左闭右开区间。)li[1:3] #=> [2, 4]# Omit the beginning# 省略开头li[2:] #=> [4, 3]# Omit the end# 省略结尾li[:3] #=> [1, 2, 4] # Remove arbitrary elements from a list with del# 使用 del 来删除列表中的任意元素del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3]          # li 现在是 [1, 2, 3] # You can add lists# 可以把列表相加li + other_li #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - Note: li and other_li is left alone              #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - 请留意 li 和 other_li 并不会被修改 # Concatenate lists with extend# 使用 extend 来合并列表li.extend(other_li) # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]                    # 现在 li 是 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # Check for existence in a list with in# 用 in 来检查是否存在于某个列表中1 in li #=> True # Examine the length with len# 用 len 来检测列表的长度len(li) #=> 6  # Tuples are like lists but are immutable.# 元组很像列表,但它是“不可变”的。tup = (1, 2, 3)tup[0] #=> 1tup[0] = 3  # Raises a TypeError            # 抛出一个类型错误 # You can do all those list thingies on tuples too# 操作列表的方式通常也能用在元组身上len(tup) #=> 3tup + (4, 5, 6) #=> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)tup[:2] #=> (1, 2)2 in tup #=> True # You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables# 你可以把元组(或列表)中的元素解包赋值给多个变量a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)     # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3                        # 现在 a 是 1,b 是 2,c 是 3# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses# 如果你省去了小括号,那么元组会被自动创建d, e, f = 4, 5, 6# Now look how easy it is to swap two values# 再来看看交换两个值是多么简单。e, d = d, e     # d is now 5 and e is now 4                # 现在 d 是 5 而 e 是 4  # Dictionaries store mappings# 字典用于存储映射关系empty_dict = {}# Here is a prefilled dictionary# 这是一个预先填充的字典filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3} # Look up values with []# 使用 [] 来查询键值filled_dict["one"] #=> 1 # Get all keys as a list# 将字典的所有键名获取为一个列表filled_dict.keys() #=> ["three", "two", "one"]# Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.# Your results might not match this exactly.# 请注意:无法保证字典键名的顺序如何排列。# 你得到的结果可能跟上面的示例不一致。 # Get all values as a list# 将字典的所有键值获取为一个列表filled_dict.values() #=> [3, 2, 1]# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.# 请注意:顺序的问题和上面一样。 # Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with in# 使用 in 来检查一个字典是否包含某个键名"one" in filled_dict #=> True1 in filled_dict #=> False # Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError# 查询一个不存在的键名会产生一个键名错误filled_dict["four"] # KeyError                    # 键名错误 # Use get method to avoid the KeyError# 所以要使用 get 方法来避免键名错误filled_dict.get("one") #=> 1filled_dict.get("four") #=> None# The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing# get 方法支持传入一个默认值参数,将在取不到值时返回。filled_dict.get("one", 4) #=> 1filled_dict.get("four", 4) #=> 4 # Setdefault method is a safe way to add new key-value pair into dictionary# Setdefault 方法可以安全地把新的名值对添加到字典里filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) #filled_dict["five"] is set to 5                                  #filled_dict["five"] 被设置为 5filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) #filled_dict["five"] is still 5                                  #filled_dict["five"] 仍然为 5  # Sets store ... well sets# set 用于保存集合empty_set = set()# Initialize a set with a bunch of values# 使用一堆值来初始化一个集合some_set = set([1,2,2,3,4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])                            # some_set 现在是 set([1, 2, 3, 4]) # Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set# 从 Python 2.7 开始,{} 可以用来声明一个集合filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4}                             # (译注:集合是种无序不重复的元素集,因此重复的 2 被滤除了。)                             # (译注:{} 不会创建一个空集合,只会创建一个空字典。) # Add more items to a set# 把更多的元素添加进一个集合filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}                  # filled_set 现在是 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} # Do set intersection with &# 使用 & 来获取交集other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}filled_set & other_set #=> {3, 4, 5} # Do set union with |# 使用 | 来获取并集filled_set | other_set #=> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} # Do set difference with -# 使用 - 来获取补集{1,2,3,4} - {2,3,5} #=> {1, 4} # Check for existence in a set with in# 使用 in 来检查是否存在于某个集合中2 in filled_set #=> True10 in filled_set #=> False  ###################################################### 3. Control Flow## 3. 控制流#################################################### # Let's just make a variable# 我们先创建一个变量some_var = 5 # Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!# prints "some_var is smaller than 10"# 这里有一个条件语句。缩进在 Python 中可是很重要的哦!# 程序会打印出 "some_var is smaller than 10"# (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)if some_var > 10:    print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."    # (译注:意为“some_var 完全比 10 大”。)elif some_var < 10:    # This elif clause is optional.                       # 这里的 elif 子句是可选的    print "some_var is smaller than 10."    # (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)else:           # This is optional too.                # 这一句也是可选的    print "some_var is indeed 10."    # (译注:意为“some_var 就是 10”。)  """For loops iterate over listsfor 循环可以遍历列表prints:如果要打印出:    dog is a mammal    cat is a mammal    mouse is a mammal"""for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:    # You can use % to interpolate formatted strings    # 别忘了你可以使用 % 来格式化字符串    print "%s is a mammal" % animal    # (译注:意为“%s 是哺乳动物”。) """`range(number)` returns a list of numbers from zero to the given number`range(数字)` 会返回一个数字列表,这个列表将包含从零到给定的数字。prints:如果要打印出:    0    1    2    3"""for i in range(4):    print i """While loops go until a condition is no longer met.while 循环会一直继续,直到条件不再满足。prints:如果要打印出:    0    1    2    3"""x = 0while x < 4:    print x    x += 1  # Shorthand for x = x + 1            # 这是 x = x + 1 的简写方式 # Handle exceptions with a try/except block# 使用 try/except 代码块来处理异常 # Works on Python 2.6 and up:# 适用于 Python 2.6 及以上版本:try:    # Use raise to raise an error    # 使用 raise 来抛出一个错误    raise IndexError("This is an index error")    # 抛出一个索引错误:“这是一个索引错误”。except IndexError as e:    pass    # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.            # pass 只是一个空操作。通常你应该在这里做一些恢复工作。  ###################################################### 4. Functions## 4. 函数#################################################### # Use def to create new functions# 使用 def 来创建新函数def add(x, y):    print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y)    # (译注:意为“x 是 %s 而且 y 是 %s”。)    return x + y    # Return values with a return statement                    # 使用 return 语句来返回值 # Calling functions with parameters# 调用函数并传入参数add(5, 6) #=> prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11          # (译注:意为“x 是 5 而且 y 是 6”,并返回 11) # Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments# 调用函数的另一种方式是传入关键字参数add(y=6, x=5)   # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order.                # 关键字参数可以以任意顺序传入 # You can define functions that take a variable number of# positional arguments# 你可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的定位参数。def varargs(*args):    return args varargs(1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3)  # You can define functions that take a variable number of# keyword arguments, as well# 你也可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的关键字参数。def keyword_args(**kwargs):    return kwargs # Let's call it to see what happens# 我们试着调用它,看看会发生什么:keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") #=> {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"} # You can do both at once, if you like# 你还可以同时使用这两类参数,只要你愿意:def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):    print args    print kwargs"""all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:    (1, 2)    {"a": 3, "b": 4}""" # When calling functions, you can do the opposite of varargs/kwargs!# Use * to expand tuples and use ** to expand kwargs.# 在调用函数时,定位参数和关键字参数还可以反过来用。# 使用 * 来展开元组,使用 ** 来展开关键字参数。args = (1, 2, 3, 4)kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4)                    # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4)                       # 相当于 all_the_args(a=3, b=4)all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)                              # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4) # Python has first class functions# 函数在 Python 中是一等公民def create_adder(x):    def adder(y):        return x + y    return adder add_10 = create_adder(10)add_10(3) #=> 13 # There are also anonymous functions# 还有匿名函数(lambda x: x > 2)(3) #=> True # There are built-in higher order functions# 还有一些内建的高阶函数map(add_10, [1,2,3]) #=> [11, 12, 13]filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7] # We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters# 我们可以使用列表推导式来模拟 map 和 filter[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]  #=> [11, 12, 13][x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] #=> [6, 7] ###################################################### 5. Classes## 5. 类#################################################### # We subclass from object to get a class.# 我们可以从对象中继承,来得到一个类。class Human(object):     # A class attribute. It is shared by all instances of this class    # 下面是一个类属性。它将被这个类的所有实例共享。    species = "H. sapiens"     # Basic initializer    # 基本的初始化函数(构造函数)    def __init__(self, name):        # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute        # 把参数赋值为实例的 name 属性        self.name = name     # An instance method. All methods take self as the first argument    # 下面是一个实例方法。所有方法都以 self 作为第一个参数。    def say(self, msg):       return "%s: %s" % (self.name, msg)     # A class method is shared among all instances    # They are called with the calling class as the first argument    # 类方法会被所有实例共享。    # 类方法在调用时,会将类本身作为第一个函数传入。    @classmethod    def get_species(cls):        return cls.species     # A static method is called without a class or instance reference    # 静态方法在调用时,不会传入类或实例的引用。    @staticmethod    def grunt():        return "*grunt*"  # Instantiate a class# 实例化一个类i = Human(name="Ian")print i.say("hi")     # prints out "Ian: hi"                      # 打印出 "Ian: hi" j = Human("Joel")print j.say("hello")  # prints out "Joel: hello"                      # 打印出 "Joel: hello" # Call our class method# 调用我们的类方法i.get_species() #=> "H. sapiens" # Change the shared attribute# 修改共享属性Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"i.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis"j.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis" # Call the static method# 调用静态方法Human.grunt() #=> "*grunt*"  ###################################################### 6. Modules## 6. 模块#################################################### # You can import modules# 你可以导入模块import mathprint math.sqrt(16) #=> 4 # You can get specific functions from a module# 也可以从一个模块中获取指定的函数from math import ceil, floorprint ceil(3.7)  #=> 4.0print floor(3.7) #=> 3.0 # You can import all functions from a module.# Warning: this is not recommended# 你可以从一个模块中导入所有函数# 警告:不建议使用这种方式from math import * # You can shorten module names# 你可以缩短模块的名称import math as mmath.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) #=> True # Python modules are just ordinary python files. You# can write your own, and import them. The name of the # module is the same as the name of the file.# Python 模块就是普通的 Python 文件。# 你可以编写你自己的模块,然后导入它们。# 模块的名称与文件名相同。 # You can find out which functions and attributes# defines a module.# 你可以查出一个模块里有哪些函数和属性import mathdir(math)


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