javascript事件编程

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javascript事件编程在实际的使用中是比较常见的,本文简单mark一下。主要内容包括:事件处理程序、常用事件、绑定事件方式、事件冒泡、默认行为以及事件对象示例。

1.事件处理程序

事件就是用户或浏览器自身执行的某种动作。比如说click,mouseover,都是事件的名字。而相应某个事件的函数就叫事件处理程序(或事件侦听器)。为事件指定处理程序的方式有好几种,比如行内绑定、动态绑定等。

inlineBinding.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//行内绑定function display(){alert("Hello");alert("Hello");alert("Hello");}</script>  </head>    <body>    <input type="button" value="确定" onclick="display()"/>  </body></html>

2.常用的事件

onLoad    :页面加载完毕后  一般用于body元素

onUnload              :页面关闭后       一般用于body元素

onBlur           :失去焦点

onFocus         :获得焦点

onClick          :点击

onMouseOver        :当鼠标经过时

onMouseOut          :当鼠标离开时

onMouseDown       :当鼠标按下时

onMouseUp           :当鼠标抬起时

onMouseMove       :当鼠标移动时

onChange              :当内容改变时

onSelect                :当内容被选中时

onkeypress             :当键盘点击时

onkeydown            :当键盘按下时

onkeyup                      :当键盘抬起时

触发顺序:onkeydown、onkeypress、onkeyup

Onkeypress事件无法捕获功能键    代码见下例

onSubmit                     :当表单提交时

onReset                 :当表单重置时

inlineBinding2.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//事件处理function display(text){document.getElementById("div").innerHTML+=text;}</script>  </head>    <body onload="alert('欢迎!')" onunload="alert('再见')">    <input type="text" onkeypress="display('press')" onkeydown="display('down')" onkeyup="display('up')"/>    <div id="div"></div>  </body></html>
上面的例子体现了onkeypress、onkeydown和onkeyup的使用方法,实际中常用的是onkeyup。

3.绑定事件的方式

3.1行内绑定

<元素 事件=”事件处理程序”>

<script type="text/javascript"> function show(){ alert('hello world!'); } </script> <input type="button" value="click me" onclick="show()"/> 
上面也可以称为HTML事件处理程序。

这种方式是目前用得比较多的一种,但是在html中指定事件处理程序有两个缺点。 
(1)首先:存在一个时差问题。就本例子来说,假设show()函数是在按钮下方,页面的最底部定义的,如果用户在页面解析show()函数之前就单击了按钮,就会引发错误; 
(2)第二个缺点是html与javascript代码紧密耦合。如果要更换时间处理程序,就要改动两个地方:html代码和javascript代码。 
因此,许多开发人员摒弃html事件处理程序,转而使用javascript指定事件处理程序。 

3.2动态绑定

对象.事件=事件处理程序

dynamicBinding.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">window.onload=function(){//行内绑定和动态绑定的区别document.getElementById("btnok").onclick=function(){alert("Hello!");};document.getElementById("div").onclick=test;};function test(){this.style.color='red';}</script>  </head>    <body>    <input type="button" value="确定" id="btnok"/>    <div id="div" onclick="test()">javascript</div>  </body></html>

3.3行内绑定和动态绑定的区别

简单一句话总结,就是行内绑定调用的函数是全局函数和全局变量,即相当于window.方法名和window.变量名,而动态绑定可以将函数的作用域限定在绑定对象的范围内,即可以使用this来引用绑定的对象,比如上例。

4.事件监听

我们能不能为一个dom对象的同一个事件指定多个事件处理程序

4.1如果为一个对象的同一个事件指定多个事件处理程序,那么,后面指定的程序会覆盖前面的。

dynamicBinding3.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">window.onload=function(){//为对象的某个时间指定多个事件处理,出现问题。关于事件起泡document.getElementById("div1").onclick=test1;document.getElementById("div1").onclick=test2;};function test1(){alert("first");}function test2(){alert("second");}</script>  </head>    <body>    <div id="div1">div1</div>  </body></html>

4.2如果我们想为一个对象的某个事件指定多个事件处理,可以考虑使用事件监听。

事件监听语法:

 

IE:

attachEvent(type,callback)

type:事件名 如:onclick、onsubmit、onchange等

callback:事件处理程序

 

基于W3C模型:

addEventListener(type,callback,capture)

Type:事件名 ,没有“on”前缀  如:click、submit、change

Callback:事件处理程序

Capture:事件模型 (可选参数)   (冒泡模型、捕捉模型) true:捕捉模型 

false:冒泡模型 (默认值)

 eventListener.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//使用事件监听解决为对象的某个时间指定多个事件处理//注意IE11已经废除了attachEvent方法,想要看到效果需要在兼容模式下运行程序//注意此时,会先执行fn2,在执行fn1//attachEvent只在IE和基于IE内核的浏览器中是有效的//W3C中是使用addEventListenerfunction fn1(){alert('first');}function fn2(){alert('second');}window.onload=function(){//在IE中使用//document.getElementById('div1').attachEvent('onclick',fn1);//document.getElementById('div1').attachEvent('onclick',fn2);//W3C中document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('click',fn1,false);document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('click',fn2,false);};</script>  </head>    <body>    <div id="div1">div1</div>  </body></html>

4.3IE和W3C事件监听的不同:

监听方法不同:IE attachEvent 、W3C  addEventListener

监听参数不同:IE 没有模型参数、W3C 有模型参数

触发顺序:IE 8及以下的浏览器触发时是先绑定、后触发

W3C浏览器是先绑定、先触发

事件名称不同:IE 事件需要”on”前缀,W3C不需要’on’前缀

4.4解决浏览器兼容性问题

使用

//解决浏览器的兼容问题function addEvent(obj,type,callback){if(obj.attachEvent){//IEobj.attachEvent('on'+type,callback);}else{//W3Cobj.addEventListener(type,callback,false);}}
eventListener2.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//解决浏览器的兼容问题function addEvent(obj,type,callback){if(obj.attachEvent){//IEobj.attachEvent('on'+type,callback);}else{//W3Cobj.addEventListener(type,callback,false);}}function fn1(){alert('first');}function fn2(){alert('second');}window.onload=function(){var obj = document.getElementById('div1');addEvent(obj,'click',fn1);addEvent(obj,'click',fn2);};</script>  </head>    <body>    <div id="div1">div1</div>  </body></html>

5.事件模型

事件模型分为两种:

 1)冒泡模型

2)捕捉模型

5.1事件冒泡是指事件响应时会上水冒一样上升至最顶级元素

bubble.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//出现了事件起泡问题问题function fn1(){alert('div1');}function fn2(){alert('div2');}function fn3(){alert('div3');}window.onload=function(){document.getElementById("div1").onclick=fn1;document.getElementById("div2").onclick=fn2;document.getElementById("div3").onclick=fn3;};</script><style type="text/css">#div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;}#div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;}#div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;}</style>  </head>    <body><div id="div1"><div id="div2"><div id="div3"></div></div></div></body></html>
上面的程序,当点击div3时会同时执行div2和div1的点击事件,即事件冒泡

5.2大多数情况下,程序需要对事件冒泡进行取消

取消事件冒泡:

 

IE:

 

window.event.cancelBubble=true;

 

W3C:

 

function(event){

event.stopPropagation();

}

bubble2.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//大多数情况下,程序需要对事件起泡进行取消//解决浏览器兼容问题function stopBubble(event){//IE下if(window.event){window.event.cancelBubble=true;}else{//W3C下event.stopPropagation();}}function fn1(){alert('div1');}function fn2(event){alert('div2');stopBubble(event);}function fn3(){alert('div3');}window.onload=function(){document.getElementById("div1").onclick=fn1;document.getElementById("div2").onclick=fn2;document.getElementById("div3").onclick=fn3;};</script><style type="text/css">#div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;}#div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;}#div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;}</style>  </head>    <body><div id="div1"><div id="div2"><div id="div3"></div></div></div></body></html>
上面的程序即取消了点击div2向点击div1的事件冒泡

6.默认行为

有些html元素,有自己的行为,如,提交按钮、超链接

 有些时候,我们需要对默认行为进行取消,如表单按钮点击时,用户资料添写不完整,我们这时需要将按钮的默认行为取消。

取消默认行为的方法:

IE:

window.event.returnValue=false;

W3C:

event.preventDefault();

stopDefault.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//阻止表单提交的默认行为//解决浏览器兼容问题function prevent(event){//IE下if(window.event){window.event.returnValue=false;}else{//W3C下event.preventDefault();}}window.onload=function(){document.getElementById("submit").onclick=function(event){if(document.getElementById("username").value==''){prevent(event);}}};</script><style type="text/css">#div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;}#div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;}#div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;}</style>  </head>    <body>  <form action="index.jsp" method="post">  <input type="text" id="username"/><br>  <input type="submit" value="提交" id="submit"/>  </form></body></html>

上面实现了当文本框填写为空时,form不会提交。

7.事件对象

事件对象就是事件发生时系统自动产生的对象,这个对象包含了这个事件发生时所有的信息

 如:鼠标移动,那么,鼠标所在的横、纵坐标就保存到了这个事件对象中

获得事件对象:

 IE9及以上版本、W3C:

 function(event){}

 IE8及以下:

 window.event

useEvent.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">--><script type="text/javascript">//通过使用event实现控制div移动window.onload=function(){var content = document.getElementById("content");document.getElementById("text").onkeyup=function(event){var code;//解决浏览器兼容问题//IE下if(window.event){code = window.event.keyCode;}else{//W3C下code = event.keyCode;}switch(code){case 37://alert('left');content.style.left = (parseInt(content.style.left)-10)+'px';break;case 38:content.style.top = (parseInt(content.style.top)-10)+'px';break;case 39:content.style.left = (parseInt(content.style.left)+10)+'px';break;case 40:content.style.top = (parseInt(content.style.top)+10)+'px';break;}};};</script><style type="text/css">#div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;}#div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;}#div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;}</style>  </head>    <body>  <input type="text" id="text"/><br>  <div id="content" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;background: red;position: absolute;left: 10px;top: 10px;">text</div></body></html>

上面实现了在文本框中移动上、下、左(<-)、右(->)键控制div的移动。

以上即为javascript事件编程的简单介绍,需要在实际的使用过程中仔细体会。












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