一个Activity的显示过程总结(四)

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有兴趣自己看Android源码的同学可以前往:http://grepcode.com/project/repository.grepcode.com/java/ext/com.google.android/android/
本博客分析的Android版本为4.4


上一篇博客传送门:一个Activity的显示过程总结(三)


上一篇博客我们讲到了ViewRoot中与UI相关的三个重要步骤:performMeasure(测量)、performLayout(布局)和performDraw(绘制),这次我们就来重点研究一下这三个方法。先上图说明三个方法的关系:

measure、layout、draw

measure流程

在performTraversals中有多次measure的流程,我们只分析其中一次即可:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    final WindowManager.LayoutParams mWindowAttributes = new WindowManager.LayoutParams();    private void performTraversals() {    ...        WindowManager.LayoutParams lp = mWindowAttributes;...                    int childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mWidth, lp.width);                    int childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mHeight, lp.height);                    ...                     // Ask host how big it wants to be                    performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);                   ...    }

首先我们构造了一个WindowManager.LayoutParams对象:mWindowAttributes,其中包含了有关于Window(最外层布局)的信息。在performTraversals中,我们把它赋值给了lp,并通过getRootMeasureSpec方法返回了两个关键的测量量。我们一起来看看getRootMeasureSpec方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    /**     * Figures out the measure spec for the root view in a window based on it's     * layout params.     *     * @param windowSize     *            The available width or height of the window     *     * @param rootDimension     *            The layout params for one dimension (width or height) of the     *            window.     *     * @return The measure spec to use to measure the root view.     */    private static int getRootMeasureSpec(int windowSize, int rootDimension) {        int measureSpec;        switch (rootDimension) {        case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT:            // Window can't resize. Force root view to be windowSize.            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);            break;        case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT:            // Window can resize. Set max size for root view.            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST);            break;        default:            // Window wants to be an exact size. Force root view to be that size.            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rootDimension, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);            break;        }        return measureSpec;    }

由该方法的注释我们可以得知这个方法是用来确定rootView(即DecorView)的measure spec(一个测量量)的。该方法传入两个参数,第一个是window的实际大小,第二个是window的尺寸(一般而言是MATCH_PARENT,即占满整个屏幕)。首先我们一起来看看MeasureSpec是什么东西:
(android.view.View)
    /**     * A MeasureSpec encapsulates the layout requirements passed from parent to child.     * Each MeasureSpec represents a requirement for either the width or the height.     * A MeasureSpec is comprised of a size and a mode. There are three possible     * modes:     * UNSPECIFIED     * The parent has not imposed any constraint on the child. It can be whatever size     * it wants.     * EXACTLY     * The parent has determined an exact size for the child. The child is going to be     * given those bounds regardless of how big it wants to be.     * AT_MOST     * The child can be as large as it wants up to the specified size.     *     * MeasureSpecs are implemented as ints to reduce object allocation. This class     * is provided to pack and unpack thesize, mode tuple into the int.     */    public static class MeasureSpec {        private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30;        private static final int MODE_MASK  = 0x3 << MODE_SHIFT;        /**         * Measure specification mode: The parent has not imposed any constraint         * on the child. It can be whatever size it wants.         */        public static final int UNSPECIFIED = 0 << MODE_SHIFT;        /**         * Measure specification mode: The parent has determined an exact size         * for the child. The child is going to be given those bounds regardless         * of how big it wants to be.         */        public static final int EXACTLY     = 1 << MODE_SHIFT;        /**         * Measure specification mode: The child can be as large as it wants up         * to the specified size.         */        public static final int AT_MOST     = 2 << MODE_SHIFT;        public static int makeMeasureSpec(int size, int mode) {            if (sUseBrokenMakeMeasureSpec) {                return size + mode;            } else {                return (size & ~MODE_MASK) | (mode & MODE_MASK);            }        }        ...    }

MeasureSpec是View内部的一个静态类。根据其注释我们可以得知:MeasureSpec用于描述通过父类到子类的布局要求(子类布局与父类相关),每个MeasureSpec表示宽度或高度的要求,一个MeasureSpec由一个大小(size)和模式(mode)组成(其实就是一个int,32位,根据计算方法可知前2位表示mode,后30位表示size)。定义的模式有三种:
  • UNSPECIFIED:父类对子类没有任何约束
  • EXACTLY:父类为子类定义了一个确切大小
  • AT_MOST:子类大小最大为传入的size
makeMeasure方法的作用就是通过计算组合出一个合理的MeasureSpec。

回到getRootMeasureSpec,由于我们的Window默认是MATCH_PARENT,充满屏幕大小的,因此getRootMeasureSpec返回的MeasureSpec为:size是屏幕的宽、高,mode是EXACTLY。在获取了Window的MeasureSpec后,我们在performTraversals方法中调用了performMeasure方法,并把Window的MeasureSpec作为参数传入:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "measure");        try {            mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);        } finally {            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);        }    }

该方法调用了mView(即DecorView)的measure,由于View中的measure是个final方法,因此DecorView调用的方法即是View的measure方法:
(android.view.View)
    int mPrivateFlags;    public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        ...        // 大致是强制需要测量的意思        if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT) == PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT ||                widthMeasureSpec != mOldWidthMeasureSpec ||                heightMeasureSpec != mOldHeightMeasureSpec) {            // first clears the measured dimension flag            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;            resolveRtlPropertiesIfNeeded();            // measure ourselves, this should set the measured dimension flag back            onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);            // flag not set, setMeasuredDimension() was not invoked, we raise            // an exception to warn the developer            if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) != PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) {                throw new IllegalStateException("onMeasure() did not set the"                        + " measured dimension by calling"                        + " setMeasuredDimension()");            }            mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;        }        mOldWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec;        mOldHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec;    }

首先在View中出现了一个很重要的变量:mPrivateFlags,这是一个int类型的变量,它的每一个bit用于表示一种状态。这个变量在研究layout与draw方法时我们也能见到。
在measure中,如果当前的状态为需要强制测量,而传入的MeasureSpec又不等于旧值时,就会调用onMeasure方法。onMeasure方法是我们自定义View时候可以重写的方法(不能重写final方法measure),在重写onMeasure方法时有一点需要注意:我们需要在onMeasure方法中调用setMeasuredDimension方法设置宽与高,否则在第20行就会抛出IllegalStateException异常。
View提供的默认onMeasure实现就调用了setMeasuredDimension方法:
(android.view.View)
   protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),                getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));    }

总而言之,经过了measure流程,View的宽与高的大小就确定了。

layout流程

measure流程确定了View的大小,接下来的layout流程就要确定View的位置了,在performTraversals中我们调用了performLayout方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performTraversals() {    ...            performLayout(lp, desiredWindowWidth, desiredWindowHeight);            ...    }

(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performLayout(WindowManager.LayoutParams lp, int desiredWindowWidth,            int desiredWindowHeight) {        ...        final View host = mView;        ...        try {            host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight());            ...    }

在performLayout中,我们调用了host(即DecorView)的layout方法,由于ViewGroup类重写了layout,我们来看看ViewGroup的layout方法:
(android.view.ViewGroup)
    @Override    public final void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {        if (!mSuppressLayout && (mTransition == null || !mTransition.isChangingLayout())) {            if (mTransition != null) {                mTransition.layoutChange(this);            }            super.layout(l, t, r, b);        } else {            // record the fact that we noop'd it; request layout when transition finishes            mLayoutCalledWhileSuppressed = true;        }    }

貌似挖掘不了什么有用的信息,我们继续看看super调用的View的layout方法:
(android.view.View)
    public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {        int oldL = mLeft;        int oldT = mTop;        int oldB = mBottom;        int oldR = mRight;        boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ?                setOpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b);        if (changed || (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) == PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) {            onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;            ...        }        mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;    }

该方法首先调用setFrame方法查看View的大小布局与上次相比是否发生变化,如果发生变化或mPrivateFlags的状态为需要进行layout,则调用onLayout进行布局。我们先来看看setFrame方法(setOpticalFrame内部也是通过setFrame方法完成):
(android.view.View)
    protected boolean setFrame(int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {        boolean changed = false;        ...        if (mLeft != left || mRight != right || mTop != top || mBottom != bottom) {            changed = true;            // Remember our drawn bit            int drawn = mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_DRAWN;            int oldWidth = mRight - mLeft;            int oldHeight = mBottom - mTop;            int newWidth = right - left;            int newHeight = bottom - top;            boolean sizeChanged = (newWidth != oldWidth) || (newHeight != oldHeight);            ...            if (sizeChanged) {                if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_PIVOT_EXPLICITLY_SET) == 0) {                    // A change in dimension means an auto-centered pivot point changes, too                    if (mTransformationInfo != null) {                        mTransformationInfo.mMatrixDirty = true;                    }                }                sizeChange(newWidth, newHeight, oldWidth, oldHeight);            }            ...        }        return changed;    }

setFrame通过比较left、right、top、bottom四个变量确定View的布局是否发生变化,并返回该布尔值。另外,如果setFrame通过计算发现View的大小也发生了变化,则会调用sizeChange方法:
(android.view.View)
    private void sizeChange(int newWidth, int newHeight, int oldWidth, int oldHeight) {        onSizeChanged(newWidth, newHeight, oldWidth, oldHeight);        if (mOverlay != null) {            mOverlay.getOverlayView().setRight(newWidth);            mOverlay.getOverlayView().setBottom(newHeight);        }    }

sizeChange会调用onSizeChanged,我们可以重写该方法执行一些View大小变化时的操作。

回到layout方法,setFrame的返回值会被存在changed变量中,当changed为true时,即当View的布局发生了变化时,layout方法会调用onLayout方法。onLayout一般由View的子类进行重写以执行一些布局操作,ViewGroup把onLayout重写为抽象方法,使得每一个ViewGroup布局都需要重写onLayout实现自己的特定布局效果:
(android.view.ViewGroup)
    @Override    protected abstract void onLayout(boolean changed,            int l, int t, int r, int b);

draw流程

layout流程完成后,我们获得了View的大小和布局,剩下的工作就是把View绘制到我们的屏幕上了。在performTraversals中,我们调用了performLayout获取布局后,调用了performDraw来绘制我们需要的图像:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void performDraw() {        ...        final boolean fullRedrawNeeded = mFullRedrawNeeded;        mFullRedrawNeeded = false;        mIsDrawing = true;        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "draw");        try {            draw(fullRedrawNeeded);        } finally {            mIsDrawing = false;            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);        }        ...    }

在performDraw方法中,我们调用了draw方法进行绘制,并传入了一个布尔值表示是否整个屏幕都需要重新绘制:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    private void draw(boolean fullRedrawNeeded) {        Surface surface = mSurface;        ...        final Rect dirty = mDirty;        ...        if (fullRedrawNeeded) {            attachInfo.mIgnoreDirtyState = true;            dirty.set(0, 0, (int) (mWidth * appScale + 0.5f), (int) (mHeight * appScale + 0.5f));        }        ...        // 使用硬件渲染绘制        if (!dirty.isEmpty() || mIsAnimating) {            if (attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer != null && attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.isEnabled()) {                ...                attachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.draw(mView, attachInfo, this,                        animating ? null : mCurrentDirty);            } else {                ...                // 使用软件渲染绘制                if (!drawSoftware(surface, attachInfo, yoff, scalingRequired, dirty)) {                    return;                }            }        }        ...    }

在draw方法中,我们首先根据传入的布尔值计算出一个dirty的矩形区域(脏区域,表示要绘制的区域),然后使用硬件或软件的方法进行渲染绘制,由于博主对硬件渲染不熟悉,这里我们分析软件方式渲染绘制的drawSoftware方法:
(android.view.ViewRootImpl)
    /**     * @return true if drawing was succesfull, false if an error occurred     */    private boolean drawSoftware(Surface surface, AttachInfo attachInfo, int yoff,            boolean scalingRequired, Rect dirty) {        // Draw with software renderer.        Canvas canvas;        try {            int left = dirty.left;            int top = dirty.top;            int right = dirty.right;            int bottom = dirty.bottom;            canvas = mSurface.lockCanvas(dirty);            ...        try {            ...                mView.draw(canvas);            ...        } finally {            try {                surface.unlockCanvasAndPost(canvas);            }             ...        }        return true;    }

在drawSoftware方法中,第15行首先调用mSurface(Surface对象,管理一块用于绘制的缓存区)的lockCanvas方法,通过传入dirty变量(脏区域)锁定获取了一块画布(Canvas对象),然后调用了mView(即DecorView)的draw方法在canvas上进行绘制,最后再使用mSurface的unlockCanvasAndPost方法解锁提交画布,交给底层进行渲染。虽然View的子类重写了draw方法,但他们都调用了super.draw,因此我们接下来一起看看最关键的View的draw方法:
(android.view.View)
    public void draw(Canvas canvas) {        ...        /*         * Draw traversal performs several drawing steps which must be executed         * in the appropriate order:         *         *      1. Draw the background         *      2. If necessary, save the canvas' layers to prepare for fading         *      3. Draw view's content         *      4. Draw children         *      5. If necessary, draw the fading edges and restore layers         *      6. Draw decorations (scrollbars for instance)         */        // Step 1, draw the background, if needed        int saveCount;        if (!dirtyOpaque) {            ...                    background.draw(canvas);            ...        }        // Step 2, save the canvas' layers        ...        // Step 3, draw the content        if (!dirtyOpaque) onDraw(canvas);        // Step 4, draw the children        dispatchDraw(canvas);        // Step 5, draw the fade effect and restore layers        ...        // Step 6, draw decorations (scrollbars)        onDrawScrollBars(canvas);        if (mOverlay != null && !mOverlay.isEmpty()) {            mOverlay.getOverlayView().dispatchDraw(canvas);        }    }

draw的注释解释的非常清晰,其过程主要分为6个步骤:
  1. 绘制背景:调用background.draw绘制背景
  2. 保存布局为渐变准备
  3. 绘制View本身:调用onDraw
  4. 绘制子View:调用dispatchDraw
  5. 绘制渐变效果并回复布局
  6. 绘制装饰品(如滚动条等)
当我们需要为自定义的View绘制时,只需重写onDraw方法即可。

以上即是一个Activity的显示过程的简略总结,其中还有许多细节没有研究,希望以后有时间可以去进一步深入探索。

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