HDU——5667Sequence(矩阵快速幂+费马小定理应用)

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Sequence

Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others)    Memory Limit: 65536/65536 K (Java/Others)
Total Submission(s): 1424    Accepted Submission(s): 469


Problem Description
    Holion August will eat every thing he has found.

    Now there are many foods,but he does not want to eat all of them at once,so he find a sequence.

fn=1,ab,abfcn1fn2,n=1n=2otherwise

    He gives you 5 numbers n,a,b,c,p,and he will eat fn foods.But there are only p foods,so you should tell him fn mod p.
 

Input
    The first line has a number,T,means testcase.

    Each testcase has 5 numbers,including n,a,b,c,p in a line.

    1T10,1n1018,1a,b,c109,p is a prime number,and p109+7.
 

Output
    Output one number for each case,which is fn mod p.
 

Sample Input
15 3 3 3 233
 

Sample Output
190
 

网上题解解释起来不是非常清楚,我想了一节课终于明白了为什么要对p-1取模了。

首先理解费马小定理:若a与p互质且b为素数,则a^(p-1)%p恒为1。但是这跟题目有啥关系?所以要先推题目的递推式

先两边取loga对数(刚开始取log10,发现化不出来)然后就可以得到

因此另。即。然后求Kn。(右上角的1与右下边的b互换不影响结果)

然后此题数据有点水,若a为p的倍数(a=x*p),此时原式可以为((x*p)^Kn)%p=0,因此要特判为0,不然结果会是1,由于后台数据并没有考虑这个情况,因此部分人没考虑这个情况直接模p-1也是可以过的,就是这个地方让我纠结了很久:虽然p为素数与绝大部分数都互质,但万一a是p的倍数怎么办?至此得出答案。

代码:

#include<iostream>#include<algorithm>#include<cstdlib>#include<sstream>#include<cstring>#include<cstdio>#include<string>#include<deque>#include<stack>#include<cmath>#include<queue>#include<set>#include<map>#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f#define MM(x) memset(x,0,sizeof(x))using namespace std;typedef long long LL;LL n,a,b,c,p;struct mat{LL pos[3][3];mat (){MM(pos);}};inline mat operator*(const mat &a,const mat &b){mat c;for (int i=0; i<3; i++){for (int j=0; j<3; j++){for (int k=0; k<3; k++)c.pos[i][j]+=(a.pos[i][k]*b.pos[k][j])%(p-1);}}return c;}inline mat operator^(mat a,LL b){mat r,bas=a;for (int i=0; i<3; i++)r.pos[i][i]=1;while (b!=0){if(b&1)r=r*bas;bas=bas*bas;b>>=1;}return r;}inline LL qpow(LL a,LL b){LL r=1,bas=a;while (b!=0){if(b&1)r=(r*bas)%p;bas=(bas*bas)%p;b>>=1;}return r%p;}int main(void){int tcase,i,j;scanf("%d",&tcase);while (tcase--){scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld",&n,&a,&b,&c,&p);if(a%p==0)puts("0");else if(n==1)puts("1");else if(n==2)printf("%lld\n",qpow(a,b));else{mat t,one;t.pos[0][0]=c;t.pos[0][1]=1;t.pos[0][2]=b;t.pos[1][0]=1;t.pos[2][2]=1;one.pos[0][0]=b;one.pos[1][0]=0;one.pos[2][0]=1;t=t^(n-2);one=t*one;printf("%lld\n",qpow(a,one.pos[0][0]));}}return 0;}

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