SQL Server 2016新特性： Always Encrypted (始终加密)

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数据，尤其是机密数据的安全性，是我们设计和开发系统所要考虑的。SQL Server 2016引入了加密数据列的新方式，即始终加密（Always Encrypted）。有了始终加密，数据就可以通过ADO.NET在应用层进行加密，这意味着，在数据通过网络发送到SQL Server之前，你可以通过.NET应用程序来加密你的机密数据。这个过程中，网络传输的是密文，存储在DB里的数据也是密文，对我们的数据起到了一定程度的保护作用。下面看看如何使用这一功能（Framework4.6及其以上版本支持该功能）

1、新建列主密钥（Column Master Key）

2、新建列加密密钥（Column Encryption Key）

3、新建测试表，注意这里指定了机密类型、算法及加密密钥。

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Patients]([PatientId] [int] IDENTITY(1,1),  [SSN] [nvarchar](11) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN2  ENCRYPTED WITH (ENCRYPTION_TYPE = DETERMINISTIC,  ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256',  COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = CEK1) NOT NULL,[FirstName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,[LastName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,  [MiddleName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,[StreetAddress] [nvarchar](50) NULL,[City] [nvarchar](50) NULL,[ZipCode] [char](5) NULL,[State] [char](2) NULL,[BirthDate] [date]  ENCRYPTED WITH (ENCRYPTION_TYPE = RANDOMIZED,  ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256',  COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = CEK1) NOT NULLPRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([PatientId] ASC) ON [PRIMARY] )

4、新建SP，用于Insert数据

CREATE PROCEDURE Insert_Always_Encrypted (@SSN NVARCHAR(11),@FirstName varchar(50),@LastName varchar(50),@BirthDate date )AS INSERT INTO dbo.Patients   (SSN, FirstName,LastName, BirthDate)VALUES (@SSN,@FirstName,@LastName,@BirthDate);

5、导出服务器端的证书

6、在客户端导入该证书

7. 测试SP，直接在SSMS里执行是失败的

8、准备测试的应用程式（注意这里的连接字符串里增加了选项：Column Encryption Setting = Enabled;）

最后附上C#测试源码：

using System.Data;using System.Data.SqlClient;using System.Windows.Forms;// Demo of using Always Encrypted Columnsclass AlwaysEncryptedDemo{    SqlConnection conn;    public AlwaysEncryptedDemo()    {        // Instantiate the connection        conn = new SqlConnection(          "data source=172.19.121.150;initial catalog=imoltp;integrated security = False; Column Encryption Setting = Enabled; User ID = sa; Password = sa9; ");    }    // call methods that demo Always Encrypted    static void Main()    {        AlwaysEncryptedDemo scd = new AlwaysEncryptedDemo();        scd.Insertdata();        scd.Selectdata();    }    public void Insertdata()    {        try        {            // Open the connection for Insertion             conn.Open();            // Constructed command to execute stored proceudre            string insertString = @"dbo.Insert_Always_Encrypted";            // Declare variable tho hold insdert command            SqlCommand icmd = new SqlCommand(insertString, conn);            //set command type to stored procedure            icmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;            // Set value of SSN            SqlParameter            paramSSN = icmd.CreateParameter();            paramSSN.ParameterName = @"@SSN";            paramSSN.DbType = DbType.String;            paramSSN.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;            paramSSN.Value = "555-55-5555";            paramSSN.Size = 11;            icmd.Parameters.Add(paramSSN);            // Set value of FirstName            SqlParameter paramFirstName = icmd.CreateParameter();            paramFirstName.ParameterName = @"@FirstName";            paramFirstName.DbType = DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength; ;            paramFirstName.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;            paramFirstName.Value = "Greg";            icmd.Parameters.Add(paramFirstName);            // Set value of LastName            SqlParameter paramLastName = icmd.CreateParameter();            paramLastName.ParameterName = @"@LastName";            paramLastName.DbType = DbType.AnsiStringFixedLength; ;            paramLastName.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;            paramLastName.Value = "Larsen";            icmd.Parameters.Add(paramLastName);            // Set value of Birth Date            SqlParameter            paramBirthdate = icmd.CreateParameter();            paramBirthdate.ParameterName = @"@BirthDate";            paramBirthdate.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Date;            paramBirthdate.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;            paramBirthdate.Value = "2015-01-02";            icmd.Parameters.Add(paramBirthdate);            // Exexute Insert             icmd.ExecuteNonQuery();            MessageBox.Show("Inserted Demo Record With BirthDate=" + paramBirthdate.Value + "SSN=" + paramSSN.Value);        }        finally        {            // Close the connection            if (conn != null)            {                conn.Close();            }        }    }    public void Selectdata()    {        try        {            // Open the connection for Selection             conn.Open();            // Read Encrypted data             string selectString = @"SELECT PatientId, LastName, FirstName, BirthDate, SSN FROM [dbo].[Patients] ";            SqlCommand scmd = new SqlCommand(selectString, conn);            SqlDataReader dataRead = scmd.ExecuteReader();            while (dataRead.Read())            {                MessageBox.Show("Selected Data with ID=" + dataRead["PatientId"].ToString() +                                " LastName=" + dataRead["LastName"] +                                " FirstName=" + dataRead["FirstName"] +                                " BirthDate =" + dataRead["BirthDate"].ToString() +                                " SSN=" + dataRead["SSN"].ToString());            }        }        finally        {            // Close the connection            if (conn != null)            {                conn.Close();            }        }    }}

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