双端队列(Double-ended Queue)

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双端队列(Double-ended Queue)

注:队列是一种只允许在一端删除而在另一端插入的数据结构。双端队列(Deque)是队列的一种拓展,它可以在队列的两端进行插入和删除。

1. 双端队列(Deque)的概念

1.1 双端队列的定义

  • 双端队列是限定插入和删除操作在表的两端进行的线性表,是一种具有队列和栈的性质的数据结构。

1.2 双端队列的特点

  • 双端队列中的元素可以从两端进队和出队,其限定插入和删除操作在表的两端进行。
  • 双端队列提供了3个存取队头元素的函数:
    (1)读取队头元素的函数:bool getHead(T& x);
    (2)在队头插入新元素的函数:bool EnQueueHead(const T& x);
    (3)删除队头元素的函数:bool DeQueueHead(T& x);
  • 双端队列提供了3个存取队尾元素的函数:
    (1)读取队尾元素的函数:bool getTail(T& x);
    (2)在队尾插入新元素的函数:bool EnQueueTail(const T& x);
    (3)删除队尾元素的函数:bool DeQueueTail(T& x);
  • 注:双端队列是单端队列的延伸,很自然地,可以从单端队列的抽象基类Queue派生出双端队列的抽象基类Deque。

2. 双端队列的抽象类定义——应用了模板类来描述双端队列抽象数据类型

  • 文件:DeQue.h

    #ifndef DEQUE_H_#define DEQUE_H_#include "Queue.h"template <class T>class Deque : public Queue<T>{public:    Deque(){}                               //构造函数    virtual ~Deque(){}                     //析构函数public:    virtual bool getHead(T& x)const = 0;        //读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool getTail(T& x)const = 0;        //读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool EnQueue(const T& x) = 0;       //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool EnQueueHead(const T& x) = 0;   //新元素x入队——从队头入队    virtual bool EnQueueTail(const T& x) = 0;   //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool DeQueue(T& x) = 0;             //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueHead(T& x) = 0;         //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueTail(T& x) = 0;         //队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool IsEmpty() const = 0;           //判断队列是否为空    virtual bool IsFull() const = 0;            //判断队列是否为满    virtual void MakeEmpty() = 0;               //清空队列的内容    virtual int getSize() const = 0;            //计算队列中元素个数};#endif

3. 双端队列的实现——基于一维数组的存储表示

3.1 双端队列的类定义及其操作的实现

  • 文件:SeqDeque.h

    #ifndef SEQ_DEQUE_H_#define SEQ_DEQUE_H_#include "Deque.h"#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <strstream>using namespace std;const int defaultSize = 50;template <class T>class SeqDeque : public Deque<T>{public:    SeqDeque(int sz = defaultSize);         //构造函数    virtual ~SeqDeque();                    //析构函数public:    virtual bool getHead(T& x)const;        //读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool getTail(T& x)const;        //读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool EnQueue(const T& x);       //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool EnQueueHead(const T& x);   //新元素x入队——从队头入队    virtual bool EnQueueTail(const T& x);   //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool DeQueue(T& x);             //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueHead(T& x);         //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueTail(T& x);         //队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool IsEmpty() const;           //判断队列是否为空    virtual bool IsFull() const;            //判断队列是否为满    virtual void MakeEmpty();               //清空队列的内容    virtual int getSize() const;            //计算队列中元素个数public:    template <class T>    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const SeqDeque<T>& q);  //输出队列元素的重载操作<<private:    T *elements;    //存放队列元素的队列数组    int front;      //队头指针    int rear;       //队尾指针    int maxSize;    //队列最大可容纳元素个数};//构造函数template <class T>SeqDeque<T>::SeqDeque(int sz){    cout << "$ 执行构造函数" << endl;    if (sz >= 0)    {        maxSize = sz;        front = rear = 0;        elements = new T[maxSize];    }}//析构函数template <class T>SeqDeque<T>::~SeqDeque(){    cout << "$ 执行析构函数" << endl;    delete[] elements;    elements = NULL;}//读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::getHead(T& x) const{    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = elements[front];    return true;}//读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::getTail(T& x) const{    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = elements[(rear - 1 + maxSize) % maxSize];    return true;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::EnQueue(const T& x){    return EnQueueTail(x);}//新元素x入队——从队头入队template <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::EnQueueHead(const T& x){    if (true == IsFull())    {        return false;    }    front = (front - 1 + maxSize) % maxSize;    elements[front] = x;    return true;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::EnQueueTail(const T& x){    if (true == IsFull())    {        return false;    }    elements[rear] = x;    rear = (rear + 1) % maxSize;    return true;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::DeQueue(T& x){    return DeQueueHead(x);}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::DeQueueHead(T& x){    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = elements[front];    front = (front + 1) % maxSize;    return true;}//队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::DeQueueTail(T& x){    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    rear = (rear - 1 + maxSize) % maxSize;    x = elements[rear];    return true;}//判断队列是否为空template <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::IsEmpty() const{    return (front == rear) ? true : false;}//判断队列是否为满template <class T>bool SeqDeque<T>::IsFull() const{    return ((rear + 1) % maxSize == front) ? true : false;}//清空队列的内容template <class T>void SeqDeque<T>::MakeEmpty(){    delete[] elements;    front = rear = 0;    elements = new T[maxSize];}//计算队列中元素个数template <class T>int SeqDeque<T>::getSize() const{    return (rear - front + maxSize) % maxSize;}//输出队列元素的重载操作<<template <class T>ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const SeqDeque<T>& q){    for (int i = q.front; i != q.rear; i = (i + 1) % q.maxSize)    {        os << "[" << i << "]" << " : " << q.elements[i] << endl;    }    return os;}#endif /* SEQ_DEQUE_H_ */

3.2 主函数(main函数)的实现

  • 文件:main.cpp

    #include "SeqDeque.h"#define EXIT 0              //退出#define GETHEAD 1           //读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x#define GETTAIL 2           //读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x#define ENQUEUE 3           //新元素x入队——从队尾入队#define ENQUEUEHEAD 4       //新元素x入队——从队头入队#define ENQUEUETAIL 5       //新元素x入队——从队尾入队#define DEQUEUE  6          //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define DEQUEUEHEAD  7      //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define DEQUEUETAIL  8      //队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define ISEMPTY  9          //判断队列是否为空#define ISFULL 10           //判断队列是否为满#define MAKEEMPTY 11        //清空队列的内容#define GETSIZE 12          //计算队列中元素个数#define OPERATOR_OSTREAM 13 //输出队列元素的重载操作<<void print_description(){    cout << "------------------------------>双端队列<------------------------------" << endl;    cout << "功能选项说明:" << endl;    cout << "#0:  退出" << endl;    cout << "#1:  读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#2:  读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#3:  新元素x入队——从队尾入队" << endl;    cout << "#4:  新元素x入队——从队头入队" << endl;    cout << "#5:  新元素x入队——从队尾入队" << endl;    cout << "#6:  队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#7:  队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#8:  队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#9:  判断队列是否为空" << endl;    cout << "#10: 判断队列是否为满" << endl;    cout << "#11: 清空队列的内容" << endl;    cout << "#12: 计算队列中元素个数" << endl;    cout << "#13: 输出队列元素的重载操作<<" << endl;    cout << "--------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;}//判断输入的字符串每个字符是否都是数值0~9bool IsNumber(const string& s_num){    for (size_t i = 0; i < s_num.size(); i++)    {        if ((s_num[i] < '0') || (s_num[i] > '9'))        {            return false;        }    }    return true;}//类型转换——将string型转为模板类型Ttemplate <class T>T StrToTtype(const string& s_num){    T n_num;    strstream ss_num;    ss_num << s_num;    ss_num >> n_num;    return n_num;}//输入数据值template <class T>T get_data(){    cout << "> 请输入数据值,data = ";    string s_data;    cin >> s_data;    return StrToTtype<T>(s_data);}//输入数组的最大长度template <class T>int get_maxsize(){    cout << "> 请输入数组的最大长度,maxsize = ";    string s_maxsize;    cin >> s_maxsize;    while (false == IsNumber(s_maxsize))    {        cout << "* 输入有误,请重新输入:";        cin >> s_maxsize;    }    return atoi(s_maxsize.c_str());}//构造双端队列template <class T>SeqDeque<T>* construct_seqdeque(){    cout << "\n==> 创建双端队列" << endl;    int n_maxsize = get_maxsize<T>();    SeqDeque<T> *seqDeque = new SeqDeque<T>(n_maxsize);    return seqDeque;}//析构双端队列template <class T>void destory_seqdeque(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "\n==> 释放双端队列在堆中申请的空间,并将指向该空间的指针变量置为空" << endl;    delete seqDeque;    seqDeque = NULL;}//读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void gethead(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行读取队头元素并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == seqDeque->getHead(data))    {        cout << "* 读取队头元素失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 读取队头元素成功,data = " << data << endl;}//读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void gettail(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行读取队尾元素并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == seqDeque->getTail(data))    {        cout << "* 读取队尾元素失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 读取队尾元素成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>void enqueue(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队尾入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == seqDeque->EnQueue(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队头入队template <class T>void enqueuehead(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队头入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == seqDeque->EnQueueHead(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>void enqueuetail(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队尾入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == seqDeque->EnQueueTail(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeue(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队头元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == seqDeque->DeQueue(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeuehead(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队头元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == seqDeque->DeQueueHead(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeuetail(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队尾元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == seqDeque->DeQueueTail(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//判断队列是否为空template <class T>void isempty(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行判断队列是否为空函数,IsEmpty = " << seqDeque->IsEmpty() << endl;}//判断队列是否为满template <class T>void isfull(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行判断队列是否为满函数,IsFull = " << seqDeque->IsFull() << endl;}//清空队列的内容template <class T>void makeempty(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行清空队列的内容函数" << endl;    seqDeque->MakeEmpty();}//计算队列中元素个数template <class T>void getsize(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行计算队列中元素个数函数,Size = " << seqDeque->getSize() << endl;}//输出队列元素的重载操作<<template <class T>void operator_ostream(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    cout << "$ 执行输出队列元素的重载操作<<函数" << endl;    cout << *seqDeque;//或operator<<(cout, *seqDeque);}//双端队列操作选择template <class T>void select_operation(SeqDeque<T>* seqDeque){    if (NULL == seqDeque)    {        cout << "* 没有构造双端队列,请先构造双端队列。" << endl;        return;    }    string s_operation;    while (s_operation != "0")    {        cout << "\n==> 请输入功能选项编号(按\"0\"退出程序):";        cin >> s_operation;        while (false == IsNumber(s_operation))        {            cout << "* 输入有误,请重新输入:";            cin >> s_operation;        }        int n_operation = atoi(s_operation.c_str());        switch (n_operation)        {        case EXIT://退出        {            cout << "$ 退出程序" << endl;            break;        }        case GETHEAD://读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x        {            gethead(seqDeque);            break;        }        case GETTAIL://读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x        {            gettail(seqDeque);            break;        }        case ENQUEUE://新元素x入队——从队尾入队        {            enqueue(seqDeque);            break;        }        case ENQUEUEHEAD://新元素x入队——从队头入队        {            enqueuehead(seqDeque);            break;        }        case ENQUEUETAIL://新元素x入队——从队尾入队        {            enqueuetail(seqDeque);            break;        }        case DEQUEUE://队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x        {            dequeue(seqDeque);            break;        }        case DEQUEUEHEAD://队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x        {            dequeuehead(seqDeque);            break;        }        case DEQUEUETAIL://队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x        {            dequeuetail(seqDeque);            break;        }        case ISEMPTY://判断队列是否为空        {            isempty(seqDeque);            break;        }        case ISFULL://判断队列是否为满        {            isfull(seqDeque);            break;        }        case MAKEEMPTY://清空队列的内容        {            makeempty(seqDeque);            break;        }        case GETSIZE://计算队列元素个数        {            getsize(seqDeque);            break;        }        case OPERATOR_OSTREAM://输出队列元素的重载操作<<        {            operator_ostream(seqDeque);            break;        }        default:        {            cout << "* 请输入正确的功能选项编号" << endl;            break;        }        }    }}int main(int argc, char* argv[]){    print_description();    SeqDeque<int> *seqDeque = construct_seqdeque<int>();    select_operation(seqDeque);    destory_seqdeque(seqDeque);    system("pause");    return 0;}

4. 双端队列的实现——基于单链表的存储表示

4.1 双端队列的类定义及其操作的实现

  • 文件:LinkedDeque.h

    #ifndef LINKED_DEQUE_H_#define LINKED_DEQUE_H_#include "Deque.h"#include "LinkNode.h"#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <strstream>using namespace std;template <class T>class LinkedDeque : public Deque<T>{public:    LinkedDeque();              //构造函数    virtual ~LinkedDeque();     //析构函数public:    virtual bool getHead(T& x)const;        //读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool getTail(T& x)const;        //读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool EnQueue(const T& x);       //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool EnQueueHead(const T& x);   //新元素x入队——从队头入队    virtual bool EnQueueTail(const T& x);   //新元素x入队——从队尾入队    virtual bool DeQueue(T& x);             //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueHead(T& x);         //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool DeQueueTail(T& x);         //队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x    virtual bool IsEmpty() const;           //判断队列是否为空    virtual bool IsFull() const;            //判断队列是否为满    virtual void MakeEmpty();               //清空队列的内容    virtual int getSize() const;            //计算队列中元素个数public:    template <class T>    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const LinkedDeque<T>& q);   //输出队列元素的重载操作<<private:    LinkNode<T> *front; //队头指针,即链头指针    LinkNode<T> *rear;  //队尾指针,即链尾指针};//构造函数template <class T>LinkedDeque<T>::LinkedDeque(): front(NULL), rear(NULL){    cout << "$ 执行构造函数" << endl;}//析构函数template <class T>LinkedDeque<T>::~LinkedDeque(){    cout << "$ 执行析构函数" << endl;    MakeEmpty();}//读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::getHead(T& x) const{    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = front->data;    return true;}//读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::getTail(T& x) const{    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = rear->data;    return true;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::EnQueue(const T& x){    return EnQueueTail(x);}//新元素x入队——从队头入队template <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::EnQueueHead(const T& x){    LinkNode<T> *newNode = new LinkNode<T>(x);    if (NULL == newNode)    {        return false;    }    if (NULL == front)    {        front = newNode;        rear = newNode;    }    else    {        newNode->link = front;        front = newNode;    }    return true;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::EnQueueTail(const T& x){    LinkNode<T> *newNode = new LinkNode<T>(x);    if (NULL == newNode)    {        return false;    }    if (NULL == front)    {        front = newNode;        rear = newNode;    }    else    {        rear->link = newNode;        rear = rear->link;    }    return true;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::DeQueue(T& x){    return DeQueueHead(x);}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::DeQueueHead(T& x){    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    LinkNode<T> *curNode = front;    front = front->link;    x = curNode->data;    delete curNode;    return true;}//队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::DeQueueTail(T& x){    if (true == IsEmpty())    {        return false;    }    x = rear->data;    LinkNode<T> *curNode = front;    if (curNode == rear)    {        delete rear;        front = NULL;        rear = NULL;        return true;    }    while (curNode->link != rear)    {        curNode = curNode->link;    }    delete rear;    curNode->link = NULL;    rear = curNode;    return true;}//判断队列是否为空template <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::IsEmpty() const{    return (NULL == front) ? true : false;}//判断队列是否为满template <class T>bool LinkedDeque<T>::IsFull() const{    return false;}//清空队列的内容template <class T>void LinkedDeque<T>::MakeEmpty(){    LinkNode<T> *curNode = NULL;    while (NULL != front)           //当链表不为空时,删去链表中所有结点    {        curNode = front;            //保存被删结点        front = curNode->link;      //被删结点的下一个结点成为头结点        delete curNode;             //从链表上摘下被删结点    }}//计算队列中元素个数template <class T>int LinkedDeque<T>::getSize() const{    int count = 0;    LinkNode<T> *curNode = front;    while (NULL != curNode)    {        curNode = curNode->link;        count++;    }    return count;}//输出队列元素的重载操作<<template <class T>ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const LinkedDeque<T>& q){    int i = 0;    LinkNode<T> *curNode = q.front;    while (NULL != curNode)    {        os << "[" << i++ << "]" << " : " << curNode->data << endl;        curNode = curNode->link;    }    return os;}#endif /* LINKED_DEQUE_H_ */

4.2 主函数(main函数)的实现

  • 文件:main.cpp

    #include "LinkedDeque.h"#define EXIT 0              //退出#define GETHEAD 1           //读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x#define GETTAIL 2           //读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x#define ENQUEUE 3           //新元素x入队——从队尾入队#define ENQUEUEHEAD 4       //新元素x入队——从队头入队#define ENQUEUETAIL 5       //新元素x入队——从队尾入队#define DEQUEUE  6          //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define DEQUEUEHEAD  7      //队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define DEQUEUETAIL  8      //队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x#define ISEMPTY  9          //判断队列是否为空#define ISFULL 10           //判断队列是否为满#define MAKEEMPTY 11        //清空队列的内容#define GETSIZE 12          //计算队列中元素个数#define OPERATOR_OSTREAM 13 //输出队列元素的重载操作<<void print_description(){    cout << "------------------------------>双端队列<------------------------------" << endl;    cout << "功能选项说明:" << endl;    cout << "#0:  退出" << endl;    cout << "#1:  读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#2:  读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#3:  新元素x入队——从队尾入队" << endl;    cout << "#4:  新元素x入队——从队头入队" << endl;    cout << "#5:  新元素x入队——从队尾入队" << endl;    cout << "#6:  队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#7:  队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#8:  队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x" << endl;    cout << "#9:  判断队列是否为空" << endl;    cout << "#10: 判断队列是否为满" << endl;    cout << "#11: 清空队列的内容" << endl;    cout << "#12: 计算队列中元素个数" << endl;    cout << "#13: 输出队列元素的重载操作<<" << endl;    cout << "--------------------------------------------------------------------" << endl;}//判断输入的字符串每个字符是否都是数值0~9bool IsNumber(const string& s_num){    for (size_t i = 0; i < s_num.size(); i++)    {        if ((s_num[i] < '0') || (s_num[i] > '9'))        {            return false;        }    }    return true;}//类型转换——将string型转为模板类型Ttemplate <class T>T StrToTtype(const string& s_num){    T n_num;    strstream ss_num;    ss_num << s_num;    ss_num >> n_num;    return n_num;}//输入数据值template <class T>T get_data(){    cout << "> 请输入数据值,data = ";    string s_data;    cin >> s_data;    return StrToTtype<T>(s_data);}//构造双端队列template <class T>LinkedDeque<T>* construct_linkeddeque(){    cout << "\n==> 创建双端队列" << endl;    LinkedDeque<T> *linkedDeque = new LinkedDeque<T>;    return linkedDeque;}//析构双端队列template <class T>void destory_linkeddeque(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "\n==> 释放双端队列在堆中申请的空间,并将指向该空间的指针变量置为空" << endl;    delete linkedDeque;    linkedDeque = NULL;}//读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void gethead(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行读取队头元素并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == linkedDeque->getHead(data))    {        cout << "* 读取队头元素失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 读取队头元素成功,data = " << data << endl;}//读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void gettail(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行读取队尾元素并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == linkedDeque->getTail(data))    {        cout << "* 读取队尾元素失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 读取队尾元素成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>void enqueue(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队尾入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == linkedDeque->EnQueue(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队头入队template <class T>void enqueuehead(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队头入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == linkedDeque->EnQueueHead(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//新元素x入队——从队尾入队template <class T>void enqueuetail(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行新元素x入队——从队尾入队函数" << endl;    T data = get_data<T>();    if (false == linkedDeque->EnQueueTail(data))    {        cout << "* 入队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 入队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeue(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队头元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == linkedDeque->DeQueue(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeuehead(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队头元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == linkedDeque->DeQueueHead(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至xtemplate <class T>void dequeuetail(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行队尾元素出队并将该元素的值保存至x函数" << endl;    T data;    if (false == linkedDeque->DeQueueTail(data))    {        cout << "* 出队失败" << endl;        return;    }    cout << "* 出队成功,data = " << data << endl;}//判断队列是否为空template <class T>void isempty(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行判断队列是否为空函数,IsEmpty = " << linkedDeque->IsEmpty() << endl;}//判断队列是否为满template <class T>void isfull(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行判断队列是否为满函数,IsFull = " << linkedDeque->IsFull() << endl;}//清空队列的内容template <class T>void makeempty(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行清空队列的内容函数" << endl;    linkedDeque->MakeEmpty();}//计算队列中元素个数template <class T>void getsize(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行计算队列中元素个数函数,Size = " << linkedDeque->getSize() << endl;}//输出队列元素的重载操作<<template <class T>void operator_ostream(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    cout << "$ 执行输出队列元素的重载操作<<函数" << endl;    cout << *linkedDeque;//或operator<<(cout, *linkedDeque);}//双端队列操作选择template <class T>void select_operation(LinkedDeque<T>* linkedDeque){    if (NULL == linkedDeque)    {        cout << "* 没有构造双端队列,请先构造双端队列。" << endl;        return;    }    string s_operation;    while (s_operation != "0")    {        cout << "\n==> 请输入功能选项编号(按\"0\"退出程序):";        cin >> s_operation;        while (false == IsNumber(s_operation))        {            cout << "* 输入有误,请重新输入:";            cin >> s_operation;        }        int n_operation = atoi(s_operation.c_str());        switch (n_operation)        {            case EXIT://退出            {                cout << "$ 退出程序" << endl;                break;            }            case GETHEAD://读取队头元素,并将该元素的值保存至x            {                gethead(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case GETTAIL://读取队尾元素,并将该元素的值保存至x            {                gettail(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case ENQUEUE://新元素x入队——从队尾入队            {                enqueue(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case ENQUEUEHEAD://新元素x入队——从队头入队            {                enqueuehead(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case ENQUEUETAIL://新元素x入队——从队尾入队            {                enqueuetail(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case DEQUEUE://队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x            {                dequeue(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case DEQUEUEHEAD://队头元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x            {                dequeuehead(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case DEQUEUETAIL://队尾元素出队,并将该元素的值保存至x            {                dequeuetail(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case ISEMPTY://判断队列是否为空            {                isempty(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case ISFULL://判断队列是否为满            {                isfull(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case MAKEEMPTY://清空队列的内容            {                makeempty(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case GETSIZE://计算队列元素个数            {                getsize(linkedDeque);                break;            }            case OPERATOR_OSTREAM://输出队列元素的重载操作<<            {                operator_ostream(linkedDeque);                break;            }            default:            {                cout << "* 请输入正确的功能选项编号" << endl;                break;            }        }    }}int main(int argc, char* argv[]){    print_description();    LinkedDeque<int> *linkedDeque = construct_linkeddeque<int>();    select_operation(linkedDeque);    destory_linkeddeque(linkedDeque);    system("pause");    return 0;}

参考文献:
[1]《数据结构(用面向对象方法与C++语言描述)(第2版)》殷人昆——第三章
[2] 百度搜索关键字:双端队列

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