word ladder2

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Word Ladder II

描述

Given two words (start and end), and a dictionary, find all shortest transformation sequence(s) from start

to end, such that:

• Only one letter can be changed at a time

• Each intermediate word must exist in the dictionary

For example, Given:

start = "hit"

end = "cog"

dict = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]

Return

[

["hit","hot","dot","dog","cog"],

["hit","hot","lot","log","cog"]

]

Note:

• All words have the same length.

• All words contain only lowercase alphabetic characters.

题意:给定start单词,end单词,以及一个dict字典。要求找出start到end的所有最短路径,路径上的每个单词都要出现在dict中,且每次改变一个字母。如start="hit"; end="cog"; dict={"hot","dot","dog","lot","log"},则答案为:[["hit","hot","dot","dog","cog"],["hit","hot","lot","log","cog"]]。这是leetcode oj给的例子。我在实现的时候发现这个例子有点问题:end单词不在dict中。实际的测试用例应该是start和end单词都在dict中的,因为如果提前做一个删除start或者end单词的操作的话,就通不过了。我用正确的程序去测试oj给的这个例子也无法通过,就姑且认为start单词和end单词都在dict中吧,这样写出来的程序才能通过。Word Ladder II这一道题还是比较难的,是leetcode oj中通过率最低的一道题。而由于我一直在用python来刷题,且一直在网上找不到用python写的解法,自己又写不出来,所以参考了网上的C++解法以及kitt的python程序,在此表示感谢。

 

解题关键点:

1,这里的dict是python中的set()类型。

2,使用前驱单词表prevMap(是字典类型)来记录单词的前驱。比如prevMap={cog:[log, dog]}表示cog的前驱是:log和dog。

3,在word ladder这道题中我们使用了队列,在word ladder ii中也需要使用队列,只不过在这个程序中使用了两个set()来模拟队列(candidates)。candidates[previous]中存储的是前一层的单词。如{dot,lot}为第3层单词。在程序开始执行时,先将candidates[previous]中的单词(前一层的单词)在dict中删除,再将candidates[current]清空,然后根据candidates[previous]中的单词寻找下一层的单词,如{dot,lot}的下一层为{dog,log},并将{dog,log}存入candidates[current]中,同时将单词存入前驱单词表中。下一次循环开始时,上一次循环的candidates[current]变成了candidates[previous],而上一次循环的candidates[previous]变成了candidates[current]并清空。如此反复执行,当某一次循环中的candidates[current]中出现了end单词时,说明我们的路径已经找出来了,工作完成了。

4,程序中使用了一个子函数buildpath来重建每一条路径。如oj给的例子所产生的prevMap={‘cog’:[‘log’,’dog’], ‘log’:[‘lot’], ‘dog’:[‘dot’], ‘lot’:[‘hot’],’dot’:[‘hot’], ‘hot’:[‘hit’]},这个prevMap可以使用DFS来重建每一条路径。

本解法来自:

http://www.cnblogs.com/zuoyuan/p/3697045.html

但是很多细节不明白,寻求大家的帮助.

 

复制代码
 1 class Solution: 2     # @param start, a string 3     # @param end, a string 4     # @param dict, a set of string 5     # @return a list of lists of string 6     def findLadders(self, start, end, dict): 7         def buildpath(path, word): # path is a list; word is a string 8             if len(prevMap[word])==0: #prevMap: dict  #Blank prevMap means all the node in the path is visited 9                 path.append(word); 10                 currPath=path[:]   # hard copy path to currPath. No link between pat and currPath11                 currPath.reverse(); 12                 result.append(currPath)13                 path.pop(); #remove the end element14                 return15             path.append(word)16             for iter in prevMap[word]: # reverse the path,17                 buildpath(path, iter)18             path.pop()19         20         result=[]21         prevMap={} # prevMap is a dict22         length=len(start)23         for i in dict: #dict: is a set24             prevMap[i]=[] # set the value for each key as blank string25         candidates=[set(),set()]; current=0; previous=126         candidates[current].add(start) # set0 add start27         while True:28             current, previous=previous, current           #下一次循环开始时,上一次循环的candidates[current]变成了candidates[previous],而上一次循环的candidates[previous]变成了candidates[current]并清空29             for i in candidates[previous]: dict.remove(i) #先将candidates[previous]中的单词(前一层的单词)在dict中删除30             candidates[current].clear()                   #再将candidates[current]清空31             for word in candidates[previous]:             #再据candidates[previous]中的单词寻找下一层的单词32                 for i in range(length):33                     part1=word[:i]; part2=word[i+1:]34                     for j in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':35                         if word[i]!=j:36                             nextword=part1+j+part237                             if nextword in dict:38                                 candidates[current].add(nextword) #将下一层存入candidates[current]中39                                 prevMap[nextword].append(word)    #同时将单词存入前驱单词表中40             if len(candidates[current])==0: return result         #当集合为空,返回结果41             if end in candidates[current]: break #当循环中的candidates[current]中出现了end单词时,说明我们的路径已经找出来了,工作完成了。42         buildpath([], end) #重建每一条路径。prevMap is a dict,这个prevMap可以使用DFS来重建每一条路径。43         return result
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