Java进阶(三十二) HttpClient使用详解

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Java进阶(三十二) HttpClient使用详解

     Http协议的重要性相信不用我多说了,HttpClient相比传统JDK自带的URLConnection,增加了易用性和灵活性(具体区别,日后我们再讨论),它不仅是客户端发送Http请求变得容易,而且也方便了开发人员测试接口(基于Http协议的),即提高了开发的效率,也方便提高代码的健壮性。因此熟练掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修内容,掌握HttpClient后,相信对于Http协议的了解会更加深入。

一、简介

     HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持HTTP协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient已经应用在很多的项目中,比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外两个开源项目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。

     下载地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi

二、特性

1. 基于标准、纯净的java语言。实现了Http1.0和Http1.1

2. 以可扩展的面向对象的结构实现了Http全部的方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE)。

3. 支持HTTPS协议。

4. 通过Http代理建立透明的连接。

5. 利用CONNECT方法通过Http代理建立隧道的https连接。

6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos认证方案。

7. 插件式的自定义认证方案。

8. 便携可靠的套接字工厂使它更容易的使用第三方解决方案。

9. 连接管理器支持多线程应用。支持设置最大连接数,同时支持设置每个主机的最大连接数,发现并关闭过期的连接。

10. 自动处理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。

11. 插件式的自定义Cookie策略。

12. Request的输出流可以避免流中内容直接缓冲到socket服务器。

13. Response的输入流可以有效的从socket服务器直接读取相应内容。

14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久连接。

15. 直接获取服务器发送的response code和 headers。

16. 设置连接超时的能力。

17. 实验性的支持http1.1 response caching。

18. 源代码基于Apache License 可免费获取。

三、使用方法

     使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可。

1. 创建HttpClient对象。

2. 创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求,创建HttpGet对象;如果需要发送POST请求,创建HttpPost对象。

3. 如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost对象而言,也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。

4. 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse。

5. 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。

6. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接

四、实例

package com.test;    import java.io.File;  import java.io.FileInputStream;  import java.io.IOException;  import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;  import java.security.KeyManagementException;  import java.security.KeyStore;  import java.security.KeyStoreException;  import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;  import java.security.cert.CertificateException;  import java.util.ArrayList;  import java.util.List;    import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;    import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;  import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;  import org.apache.http.ParseException;  import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;  import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;  import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;  import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;  import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;  import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;  import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContexts;  import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustSelfSignedStrategy;  import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;  import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntityBuilder;  import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;  import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.StringBody;  import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;  import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;  import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;  import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;  import org.junit.Test;    public class HttpClientTest {        @Test      public void jUnitTest() {          get();      }        /**     * HttpClient连接SSL     */      public void ssl() {          CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null;          try {              KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());              FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("d:\\tomcat.keystore"));              try {                  // 加载keyStore d:\\tomcat.keystore                    trustStore.load(instream, "123456".toCharArray());              } catch (CertificateException e) {                  e.printStackTrace();              } finally {                  try {                      instream.close();                  } catch (Exception ignore) {                  }              }              // 相信自己的CA和所有自签名的证书              SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom().loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()).build();              // 只允许使用TLSv1协议              SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslcontext, new String[] { "TLSv1" }, null,                      SSLConnectionSocketFactory.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);              httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();              // 创建http请求(get方式)              HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("https://localhost:8443/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");              System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine());              CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);              try {                  HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();                  System.out.println("----------------------------------------");                  System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());                  if (entity != null) {                      System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());                      System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));                      EntityUtils.consume(entity);                  }              } finally {                  response.close();              }          } catch (ParseException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (IOException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (KeyManagementException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (KeyStoreException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } finally {              if (httpclient != null) {                  try {                      httpclient.close();                  } catch (IOException e) {                      e.printStackTrace();                  }              }          }      }        /**     * post方式提交表单(模拟用户登录请求)     */      public void postForm() {          // 创建默认的httpClient实例.            CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();          // 创建httppost            HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");          // 创建参数队列            List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();          formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "admin"));          formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "123456"));          UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;          try {              uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");              httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);              System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());              CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);              try {                  HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();                  if (entity != null) {                      System.out.println("--------------------------------------");                      System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));                      System.out.println("--------------------------------------");                  }              } finally {                  response.close();              }          } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {              e1.printStackTrace();          } catch (IOException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } finally {              // 关闭连接,释放资源                try {                  httpclient.close();              } catch (IOException e) {                  e.printStackTrace();              }          }      }        /**     * 发送 post请求访问本地应用并根据传递参数不同返回不同结果     */      public void post() {          // 创建默认的httpClient实例.            CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();          // 创建httppost            HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");          // 创建参数队列            List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();          formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("type", "house"));          UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;          try {              uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");              httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);              System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());              CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);              try {                  HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();                  if (entity != null) {                      System.out.println("--------------------------------------");                      System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));                      System.out.println("--------------------------------------");                  }              } finally {                  response.close();              }          } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {              e1.printStackTrace();          } catch (IOException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } finally {              // 关闭连接,释放资源                try {                  httpclient.close();              } catch (IOException e) {                  e.printStackTrace();              }          }      }        /**     * 发送 get请求     */      public void get() {          CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();          try {              // 创建httpget.                HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.baidu.com/");              System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());              // 执行get请求.                CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);              try {                  // 获取响应实体                    HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();                  System.out.println("--------------------------------------");                  // 打印响应状态                    System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());                  if (entity != null) {                      // 打印响应内容长度                        System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());                      // 打印响应内容                        System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity));                  }                  System.out.println("------------------------------------");              } finally {                  response.close();              }          } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (ParseException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (IOException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } finally {              // 关闭连接,释放资源                try {                  httpclient.close();              } catch (IOException e) {                  e.printStackTrace();              }          }      }        /**     * 上传文件     */      public void upload() {          CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();          try {              HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceFile.action");                FileBody bin = new FileBody(new File("F:\\image\\sendpix0.jpg"));              StringBody comment = new StringBody("A binary file of some kind", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);                HttpEntity reqEntity = MultipartEntityBuilder.create().addPart("bin", bin).addPart("comment", comment).build();                httppost.setEntity(reqEntity);                System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getRequestLine());              CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);              try {                  System.out.println("----------------------------------------");                  System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());                  HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity();                  if (resEntity != null) {                      System.out.println("Response content length: " + resEntity.getContentLength());                  }                  EntityUtils.consume(resEntity);              } finally {                  response.close();              }          } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } catch (IOException e) {              e.printStackTrace();          } finally {              try {                  httpclient.close();              } catch (IOException e) {                  e.printStackTrace();              }          }      }  }

     本实例是采用HttpClient4.3最新版本。该版本与之前的代码写法风格相差较大,大家多留意下。

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