js 闭包方式封装

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js中处处是对象,面向对象的第一步当然就是封装了,由于Js中没有类的概念,所以封装起来也比较麻烦,下面介绍两种js的封装。

1.不严格封装:

/** * 使用约定优先的原则,把所有的私有变量都使用_开头 */var Person = function (no, name, age){    this.setNo(no);    this.setName(name);    this.setAge(age);};Person.prototype = {    constructor: Person,    checkNo: function (no)    {        if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)            throw new Error("学号必须为4位");    },    setNo: function (no)    {        this.checkNo(no);        this._no = no;    }, getNo: function ()    {        return this._no;    }, setName: function (name)    {        this._name = name;    }, getName: function ()    {        return this._name;    }, setAge: function (age)    {        this._age = age;    }, getAge: function ()    {        return this._age;    }, toString: function ()    {        return "no = " + this._no + " , name = " + this._name + " , age = " + this._age;    }};var p1 = new Person("0001", "Lovell", "22");console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0001 , name = Lovell , age = 22p1.setNo("0003");console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0003 , name = Lovell , age = 22p1.no = "0004";p1._no = "0004";console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0004 , name = Lovell , age = 22

优点:成员变量的getter,setter方法都是prototype中,并非存在对象中,总体来说还是个不错的选择。

缺点:仅仅把所有的变量以_开头,其实还是可以直接访问的,这能叫封装么

2.严格封装:

/** * 使用这种方式虽然可以严格实现封装,但是带来的问题是get和set方法都不能存储在prototype中,都是存储在对象中的 * 这样无形中就增加了开销 */var Person = function (no, name, age){    var _no , _name, _age ;    var checkNo = function (no)    {        if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)            throw new Error("学号必须为4位");    };    this.setNo = function (no)    {        checkNo(no);        _no = no;    };    this.getNo = function ()    {        return _no;    };    this.setName = function (name)    {        _name = name;    };    this.getName = function ()    {        return _name;    };    this.setAge = function (age)    {        _age = age;    };    this.getAge = function ()    {        return _age;    };    this.setNo(no);    this.setName(name);    this.setAge(age);}Person.prototype = {    constructor: Person,    toString: function ()    {        return "no = " + this.getNo() + " , name = " + this.getName() + " , age = " + this.getAge();    }};var p1 = new Person("0001", "Lovell", "22");console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0001 , name = Lovell , age = 22p1.setNo("0003");console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0003 , name = Lovell , age = 22p1.no = "0004";console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0003 , name = Lovell , age = 22
优点:去掉了this.属性名,严格的实现了封装,只能通过getter,setter访问成员变量了;

缺点:所有的方法都存在对象中,增加了内存的开销。

3.以闭包的方式封装

/** * 闭包方式实现封装 */var Person = (function () {    var checkNo = function (no) {        if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)            throw new Error("学号必须为4位");    };    //共享变量    var times = 0;    return function (no, name, age) {        console.log(times++);    // 0 ,1 , 2        var _no, _name, _age;        this.setNo = function (no) {            checkNo(no);            _no = no;        };        this.getNo = function () {            return _no;        };        this.setName = function (name) {            _name = name;        };        this.getName = function () {            return _name;        };        this.setAge = function (age) {            _age = age;        };        this.getAge = function () {            return _age;        };        this.setNo(no);        this.setName(name);        this.setAge(age);    }})();Person.prototype = {    constructor: Person,    toString: function () {        return "no = " + this.getNo() + " , name = " + this.getName() + " , age = " + this.getAge();    }};var p1 = new Person("0001", "Lovell", "22");var p2 = new Person("0002", "abc", "23");var p3 = new Person("0003", "aobama", "24");p2._name = "Lovell";p3.setName("Lovell");console.log(p1.toString());      //no = 0001 , name = Lovell , age = 22console.log(p2.toString());      //no = 0002 , name = abc , age = 23console.log(p3.toString());      //no = 0003 , name = Lovell , age = 24
优点:1.严格的实现了封装,只能通过getter,setter访问成员变量了;

           2.对象之间公共的成员变量和成员方法实现共享。

详解:上述代码,js引擎加载完后,会直接执行Student = 立即执行函数,然后此函数返回了一个子函数,这个子函数才是new Student所调用的构造函数,又因为子函数中保持了对立即执行函数中checkNo(no) ,times的引用,(很明显的闭包)所以对于checkNo和times,是所有Student对象所共有的,创建3个对象后,times分别为0,1,2 。这种方式的好处是,可以使Student中需要复用的方法和属性做到私有且对象间共享。


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