Linux yum 命令

概述

yum（ Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一个在Fedora和RedHat以及SUSE中的Shell前端软件包管理器。

基於RPM包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软体包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。
yum提供了查找、安装、删除某一个、一组甚至全部软件包的命令，而且命令简洁而又好记。

语法

yum [options] [command] [package ...]

• options：可选，选项包括-h（帮助），-y（当安装过程提示选择全部为”yes”），-q（不显示安装的过程）等等。
• command：要进行的操作。
• package操作的对象。

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yum常用命令

1.列出所有可更新的软件清单命令：yum check-update
2.更新所有软件命令：yum update
3.仅安装指定的软件命令：yum install <package_name>
4.仅更新指定的软件命令：yum update <package_name>
5.列出所有可安裝的软件清单命令：yum list
6.删除软件包命令：yum remove <package_name>
7.查找软件包 命令：yum search <keyword>

8.清除缓存命令:

• yum clean packages: 清除缓存目录下的软件包
• yum clean headers: 清除缓存目录下的 headers
• yum clean oldheaders: 清除缓存目录下旧的 headers
• yum clean, yum clean all (= yum clean packages; yum clean oldheaders) :清除缓存目录下的软件包及旧的headers

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实例

安装 pam-devel

[root@www ~]# yum install pam-develSetting up Install ProcessParsing package install argumentsResolving Dependencies  <==先检查软件的属性相依问题--> Running transaction check---> Package pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be updated--> Processing Dependency: pam = 0.99.6.2-4.el5 for package: pam-devel--> Running transaction check---> Package pam.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be updatedfilelists.xml.gz          100% |=========================| 1.6 MB    00:05filelists.xml.gz          100% |=========================| 138 kB    00:00-> Finished Dependency Resolution……(省略)

移除 pam-devel

[root@www ~]# yum remove pam-develSetting up Remove ProcessResolving Dependencies  <==同样的，先解决属性相依的问题--> Running transaction check---> Package pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5 set to be erased--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved============================================================================= Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size=============================================================================Removing: pam-devel               i386       0.99.6.2-4.el5   installed         495 kTransaction Summary=============================================================================Install      0 Package(s)Update       0 Package(s)Remove       1 Package(s)  <==还好，并没有属性相依的问题，单纯移除一个软件Is this ok [y/N]: yDownloading Packages:Running rpm_check_debugRunning Transaction TestFinished Transaction TestTransaction Test SucceededRunning Transaction  Erasing   : pam-devel                    ######################### [1/1]Removed: pam-devel.i386 0:0.99.6.2-4.el5Complete!

利用 yum 的功能，找出以 pam 为开头的软件名称有哪些？

[root@www ~]# yum list pam*Installed Packagespam.i386                  0.99.6.2-3.27.el5      installedpam_ccreds.i386           3-5                    installedpam_krb5.i386             2.2.14-1               installedpam_passwdqc.i386         1.0.2-1.2.2            installedpam_pkcs11.i386           0.5.3-23               installedpam_smb.i386              1.1.7-7.2.1            installedAvailable Packages <==底下则是『可升级』的或『未安装』的pam.i386                  0.99.6.2-4.el5         basepam-devel.i386            0.99.6.2-4.el5         basepam_krb5.i386             2.2.14-10              base

国内 yum 源

网易（163）yum源是国内最好的yum源之一 ，无论是速度还是软件版本，都非常的不错。
将yum源设置为163 yum，可以提升软件包安装和更新的速度，同时避免一些常见软件版本无法找到。

安装步骤

首先备份/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup

下载对应版本repo文件, 放入/etc/yum.repos.d/(操作前请做好相应备份)

CentOS5 ：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS5-Base-163.repo
CentOS6 ：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo

运行以下命令生成缓存

yum clean allyum makecache

CentOS5:

# CentOS-Base.repo## The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.## If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the # remarked out baseurl= line instead.##[base]name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=osgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5#released updates [updates]name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updatesgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5#packages used/produced in the build but not released[addons]name=CentOS-$releasever - Addons - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/addons/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=addonsgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5#additional packages that may be useful[extras]name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extrasgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages[centosplus]name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplusgpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5#contrib - packages by Centos Users[contrib]name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=contribgpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5

CentOS6:

# CentOS-Base.repo## The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.## If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the # remarked out baseurl= line instead.##[base]name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=osgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6#released updates [updates]name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updatesgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6#additional packages that may be useful[extras]name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extrasgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages[centosplus]name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplusgpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6#contrib - packages by Centos Users[contrib]name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - 163.combaseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=contribgpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

其他不错的yum源

除了网易之外，国内还有其他不错的yum源，比如中科大和搜狐。
中科大的yum源，安装方法查看：https://lug.ustc.edu.cn/wiki/mirrors/help/centos
sohu的yum源安装方法查看: http://mirrors.sohu.com/help/centos.html