Mysql----Join用法(Inner join,Left join,Right join, Cross join, Union模拟Full join)及---性能优化

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前期数据准备

CREATE TABLE  atable(
aID int( 1 ) AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY ,
aNum char( 20 ));

CREATE TABLE btable(
bID int( 1 ) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY ,
bName char( 20 ) );

INSERT INTO atable
VALUES ( 1, 'a20050111' ) , ( 2, 'a20050112' ) , ( 3, 'a20050113' ) , ( 4, 'a20050114' ) , ( 5, 'a20050115' ) ;

INSERT INTO btable
VALUES ( 1, ' 2006032401' ) , ( 2, '2006032402' ) , ( 3, '2006032403' ) , ( 4, '2006032404' ) , ( 8, '2006032408' ) ;

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atable:左表;btable:右表。
JOIN 按照功能大致分为如下三类:
  1).inner join(内连接,或等值连接):取得两个表中存在连接匹配关系的记录。
  2).left  join(左连接):取得左表(atable)完全记录,即是右表(btable)并无对应匹配记录。
  3).right join(右连接):与 LEFT JOIN 相反,取得右表(btable)完全记录,即是左表(atable)并无匹配对应记录。
注意:mysql不支持Full join,不过可以通过 union 关键字来合并 left join 与 right join来模拟full join.

一、Inner join

  内连接,也叫等值连接,inner join产生同时符合A和B的一组数据。
  接下来给出一个列子用于解释下面几种分类。如下两个表(A,B)

mysql> select * from atable  inner join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid;+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+| aID | aNum      | bID | bName       |+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+|   1 | a20050111 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   2 | a20050112 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   3 | a20050113 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   4 | a20050114 |   4 | 2006032404  |+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+

二、Left join

  left join,(或left outer join:在Mysql中两者等价,推荐使用left join.)左连接从左表(A)产生一套完整的记录,与匹配的记录(右表(B)) .如果没有匹配,右侧将包含null。

mysql> select * from atable  left join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid;+-----+-----------+------+-------------+| aID | aNum      | bID  | bName       |+-----+-----------+------+-------------+|   1 | a20050111 |    1 |  2006032401 ||   2 | a20050112 |    2 | 2006032402  ||   3 | a20050113 |    3 | 2006032403  ||   4 | a20050114 |    4 | 2006032404  ||   5 | a20050115 | NULL | NULL        |+-----+-----------+------+-------------+

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  2).如果想只从左表(A)中产生一套记录,但不包含右表(B)的记录,可以通过设置where语句来执行,如下

mysql> select * from atable  left join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid     -> where atable.aid is  null or btable.bid is  null;+-----+-----------+------+-------+| aID | aNum      | bID  | bName |+-----+-----------+------+-------+|   5 | a20050115 | NULL | NULL  |+-----+-----------+------+-------+

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同理,还可以模拟inner join. 如下:

mysql> select * from atable  left join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid  where atable.aid is not null and btable.bid is not null;+-----+-----------+------+-------------+| aID | aNum      | bID  | bName       |+-----+-----------+------+-------------+|   1 | a20050111 |    1 |  2006032401 ||   2 | a20050112 |    2 | 2006032402  ||   3 | a20050113 |    3 | 2006032403  ||   4 | a20050114 |    4 | 2006032404  |+-----+-----------+------+-------------+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

三、Right join

  同Left join

mysql> select * from atable  right join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid;+------+-----------+-----+-------------+| aID  | aNum      | bID | bName       |+------+-----------+-----+-------------+|    1 | a20050111 |   1 |  2006032401 ||    2 | a20050112 |   2 | 2006032402  ||    3 | a20050113 |   3 | 2006032403  ||    4 | a20050114 |   4 | 2006032404  || NULL | NULL      |   8 | 2006032408  |+------+-----------+-----+-------------+

四、差集

mysql> select * from atable  left join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid      -> where btable.bid is null    -> union    -> select * from atable right join btable on atable.aid=btable.bid    -> where atable.aid is null;+------+-----------+------+------------+| aID  | aNum      | bID  | bName      |+------+-----------+------+------------+|    5 | a20050115 | NULL | NULL       || NULL | NULL      |    8 | 2006032408 |+------+-----------+------+------------+

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五.Cross join

  交叉连接,得到的结果是两个表的乘积,即笛卡尔积

    笛卡尔(Descartes)乘积又叫直积。假设集合A={a,b},集合B={0,1,2},则两个集合的笛卡尔积为{(a,0),(a,1),(a,2),(b,0),(b,1), (b,2)}。可以扩展到多个集合的情况。类似的例子有,如果A表示某学校学生的集合,B表示该学校所有课程的集合,则A与B的笛卡尔积表示所有可能的选课情况。

mysql> select * from atable cross join btable;+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+| aID | aNum      | bID | bName       |+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+|   1 | a20050111 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   2 | a20050112 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   3 | a20050113 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   4 | a20050114 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   5 | a20050115 |   1 |  2006032401 ||   1 | a20050111 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   2 | a20050112 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   3 | a20050113 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   4 | a20050114 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   5 | a20050115 |   2 | 2006032402  ||   1 | a20050111 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   2 | a20050112 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   3 | a20050113 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   4 | a20050114 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   5 | a20050115 |   3 | 2006032403  ||   1 | a20050111 |   4 | 2006032404  ||   2 | a20050112 |   4 | 2006032404  ||   3 | a20050113 |   4 | 2006032404  ||   4 | a20050114 |   4 | 2006032404  ||   5 | a20050115 |   4 | 2006032404  ||   1 | a20050111 |   8 | 2006032408  ||   2 | a20050112 |   8 | 2006032408  ||   3 | a20050113 |   8 | 2006032408  ||   4 | a20050114 |   8 | 2006032408  ||   5 | a20050115 |   8 | 2006032408  |+-----+-----------+-----+-------------+25 rows in set (0.00 sec) <pre><code class="hljs cs"><span class="hljs-function">#再执行:mysql> <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> A inner <span class="hljs-keyword">join</span> B</span>; 试一试 (与上面的结果一样)<span class="hljs-meta">#在执行mysql> select * from A cross join B on A.name = B.name; 试一试</span></code>

    实际上,在 MySQL 中(仅限于 MySQL) CROSS JOIN 与 INNER JOIN 的表现是一样的,在不指定 ON 条件得到的结果都是笛卡尔积,反之取得两个表完全匹配的结果。    inner join 与 cross join 可以省略 inner 或 cross关键字,因此下面的 SQL 效果是一样的:
... FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2... FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2... FROM table1 JOIN table2

六.union实现Full join

    全连接产生的所有记录(双方匹配记录)在表A和表B。如果没有匹配,则对面将包含null。与差集类似。

mysql> select * from atable  left join btable  on atable.aid=btable.bid    -> union    -> select * from atable right join btable on atable.aid=btable.bid;+------+-----------+------+-------------+| aID  | aNum      | bID  | bName       |+------+-----------+------+-------------+|    1 | a20050111 |    1 |  2006032401 ||    2 | a20050112 |    2 | 2006032402  ||    3 | a20050113 |    3 | 2006032403  ||    4 | a20050114 |    4 | 2006032404  ||    5 | a20050115 | NULL | NULL        || NULL | NULL      |    8 | 2006032408  |+------+-----------+------+-------------+

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七.性能优化

  1.显示(explicit) inner join VS 隐式(implicit) inner join

select * fromtable a inner join table bon a.id = b.id;
VS
select a.*, b.*from table a, table bwhere a.id = b.id;
    数据库中比较(10w数据)得之,它们用时几乎相同,第一个是显示的inner join,后一个是隐式的inner join。
2.left join/right join VS inner join
    尽量用inner join.避免 left join 和 null.

    在使用left join(或right join)时,应该清楚的知道以下几点:

(1). on与 where的执行顺序
    ON 条件(“A LEFT JOIN B ON 条件表达式”中的ON)用来决定如何从 B 表中检索数据行。如果 B 表中没有任何一行数据匹配 ON 的条件,将会额外生成一行所有列为 NULL 的数据,在匹配阶段 WHERE 子句的条件都不会被使用。仅在匹配阶段完成以后,WHERE 子句条件才会被使用。它将从匹配阶段产生的数据中检索过滤。
    所以我们要注意:在使用Left (right) join的时候,一定要在先给出尽可能多的匹配满足条件,减少Where的执行。如:

select * from Ainner join B on B.name = A.nameleft join C on C.name = B.nameleft join D on D.id = C.idwhere C.status>1 and D.status=1;
下面这种写法更省时
select * from Ainner join B on B.name = A.nameleft join C on C.name = B.name and C.status>1left join D on D.id = C.id and D.status=1
(2).注意ON 子句和 WHERE 子句的不同
mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details       ON (product.id = product_details.id)       AND product_details.id=2;+----+--------+------+--------+-------+| id | amount | id   | weight | exist |+----+--------+------+--------+-------+|  1 |    100 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL ||  2 |    200 |    2 |     22 |     0 ||  3 |    300 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL ||  4 |    400 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL |+----+--------+------+--------+-------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details       ON (product.id = product_details.id)       WHERE product_details.id=2;+----+--------+----+--------+-------+| id | amount | id | weight | exist |+----+--------+----+--------+-------+|  2 |    200 |  2 |     22 |     0 |+----+--------+----+--------+-------+1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    从上可知,第一条查询使用 ON 条件决定了从 LEFT JOIN的 product_details表中检索符合的所有数据行。第二条查询做了简单的LEFT JOIN,然后使用 WHERE 子句从 LEFT JOIN的数据中过滤掉不符合条件的数据行。
(3).尽量避免子查询,而用join
    往往性能这玩意儿,更多时候体现在数据量比较大的时候,此时,我们应该避免复杂的子查询。如下:

insert into t1(a1) select b1 from t2 where not exists(select 1 from t1 where t1.id = t2.r_id);
下面这个更好
insert into t1(a1)  select b1 from t2  left join (select distinct t1.id from t1 ) t1 on t1.id = t2.r_id   where t1.id is null;  



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