【STL】list的应用和模拟实现

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1.认识STL

    STL(标准模板库)是C++标准库的重要组成部分,共六大组件:容器,算法,迭代器,仿函数,适配器,空间配置器。此篇博客主要讲容器里的list的应用和简化版的模拟实现。

2.list的相关应用

    list可以说是我们平常所写的链表,但是不完全相同,库里的list是一个用模板实现的双向循环链表。除此之外还包括迭代器的一些操作。我们先来看看list它都包含些什么:


    我们先看迭代器的相关操作,迭代器是用来访问容器的。list的迭代器相当于一个指针,但其实它并不是指针,相当于对结点的一个封装。

    begin():它返回的是头结点的下一个结点。因为库里的list是带头结点的链表。

    end(): 它返回的是头结点,也就是说返回尾结点的下一个结点。

   所以如果我们可以通过下面的代码来遍历list:

// list::begin#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;int main (){  int myints[] = {75,23,65,42,13};  list<int> mylist (myints,myints+5);  list<int>::iterator it;  cout << "mylist contains:";  for ( it=mylist.begin() ; it != mylist.end(); it++ )    cout << " " << *it;  cout << endl;  return 0;}


可以看出来,迭代器总是会给一个左闭右开的区间。

rbegin()和rend()是逆序访问list的意思,看下面的测试代码你就明白了。

// list::rbegin/rend#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;int main (){  list<int> mylist;  for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) mylist.push_back(i);  cout << "mylist contains:";  list<int>::reverse_iterator rit;  for ( rit=mylist.rbegin() ; rit != mylist.rend(); ++rit )    cout << " " << *rit;  cout << endl;  return 0;}


输出:5 4 3 2 1 


    当然首先它有构造函数,析构函数和赋值运算符重载,有一定C++基础的话都知道它们是用来干什么的。

    

 这是list里面包含的一些成员方法:

    assign()是赋值操作,在实际的开发中很少会用到。

    void assign ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last );  //传进来两个迭代器,assign用两个迭代器之间的内容来填充对象。    void assign ( size_type n, const T& u );                //用n个u来填充对象


  看以下测试用例:

   

// list::assign#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;int main (){  list<int> first;  list<int> second;  first.assign (7,100);                      // 7 ints with value 100  second.assign (first.begin(),first.end()); // a copy of first  int myints[]={1776,7,4};  first.assign (myints,myints+3);            // assigning from array   cout << "Size of first: " << int (first.size()) << endl;      //3  cout << "Size of second: " << int (second.size()) << endl;    //7  return 0;}


    push_front是头插。函数原型如下:

    

void push_front ( const T& x );


它是如何使用的呢:

#include<iostream>#include<list>using namespace std;void TestList(){list<int> li;li.push_front(1);li.push_front(2);li.push_front(3);li.push_front(4);li.push_front(5);list<int>::iterator it;for (it = li.begin(); it != li.end(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;}
输出:


pop_front()顾名思义,头删,也很简单。这里就不再列举测试代码了

push_back() 尾插,和头插类似。

pop_back() 尾删。

insert()插入操作,函数原型:

iterator insert ( iterator position, const T& x );   //在position前面插入元素x    void insert ( iterator position, size_type n, const T& x );   //在position前面插入n个xtemplate <class InputIterator>    void insert ( iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last );   //在position前面插入从first到last之间的内容


测试一下:


#include<iostream>#include<list>using namespace std;void TestList(){list<int> li;li.push_front(1);li.push_front(2);li.push_front(3);li.push_front(4);li.push_front(5);list<int>::iterator it;for (it = li.begin(); it != li.end(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;li.insert(li.begin(), 10);    //前面插个10for (it = li.begin(); it != li.end(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;li.insert(li.end(), 3, 6);    //后面插3个6cout << endl;for (it = li.begin(); it != li.end(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;}
输出:

erase删除相关操作。函数原型:

iterator erase ( iterator position );   //删除position位置的元素并返回其后位置的迭代器。iterator erase ( iterator first, iterator last );  //删除[first,last)区间的结点,并且返回last位置的迭代器。

#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;int main (){  unsigned int i;  list<unsigned int> mylist;  list<unsigned int>::iterator it1,it2;  // set some values:  for (i=1; i<10; i++) mylist.push_back(i*10);                              // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90  it1 = it2 = mylist.begin(); // ^^  advance (it2,6);            // ^                 ^  ++it1;                      //    ^              ^  it1 = mylist.erase (it1);   // 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90                              //    ^           ^  it2 = mylist.erase (it2);   // 10 30 40 50 60 80 90                              //    ^           ^  ++it1;                      //       ^        ^  --it2;                      //       ^     ^  mylist.erase (it1,it2);     // 10 30 60 80 90                              //        ^  cout << "mylist contains:";  for (it1=mylist.begin(); it1!=mylist.end(); ++it1)    cout << " " << *it1;  cout << endl;  return 0;}

swap()设计到容器适配器,我们先不看它。

clear(),删除链表中的全部结点。很简单,这里不再测试。

 

这是list的容器适配器部分的内容。

splice()  //往一个list里的某个位置插入另一个list的元素。

// splicing lists#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;int main (){  list<int> mylist1, mylist2;  list<int>::iterator it;  // set some initial values:  for (int i=1; i<=4; i++)     mylist1.push_back(i);      // mylist1: 1 2 3 4  for (int i=1; i<=3; i++)     mylist2.push_back(i*10);   // mylist2: 10 20 30  it = mylist1.begin();  ++it;                         // points to 2  mylist1.splice (it, mylist2); // mylist1: 1 10 20 30 2 3 4                                // mylist2 (empty)                                // "it" still points to 2 (the 5th element)                                            mylist2.splice (mylist2.begin(),mylist1, it);                                // mylist1: 1 10 20 30 3 4                                // mylist2: 2                                // "it" is now invalid.  it = mylist1.begin();  advance(it,3);                // "it" points now to 30  mylist1.splice ( mylist1.begin(), mylist1, it, mylist1.end());                                // mylist1: 30 3 4 1 10 20  cout << "mylist1 contains:";  for (it=mylist1.begin(); it!=mylist1.end(); it++)    cout << " " << *it;  cout << "\nmylist2 contains:";  for (it=mylist2.begin(); it!=mylist2.end(); it++)    cout << " " << *it;  cout << endl;  return 0;}


remove()函数原型:

void remove ( const T& value );  //找出value然后删除
remove_if()函数原型:

void remove_if ( Predicate pred );   //条件删除,参数是条件,在特定删除是特别方便,比如删除奇数或者删除10以下的数
// list::remove_if#include <iostream>#include <list>using namespace std;// a predicate implemented as a function:bool single_digit (const int& value) { return (value<10); }    //判断数据是否小于10// a predicate implemented as a class:class is_odd{public:  bool operator() (const int& value) {return (value%2)==1; }    //判断是否是奇数};int main (){  int myints[]= {15,36,7,17,20,39,4,1};  list<int> mylist (myints,myints+8);   // 15 36 7 17 20 39 4 1  mylist.remove_if (single_digit);      // 15 36 17 20 39  mylist.remove_if (is_odd());          // 36 20  cout << "mylist contains:";  for (list<int>::iterator it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)    cout << " " << *it;  cout << endl;  return 0;}


unique()函数原型:

void unique ( );  //去掉重复值template <class BinaryPredicate>  void unique ( BinaryPredicate binary_pred );  //条件去重,比如浮点数整数部分相同的删除掉,或者两数相差小于5的删除掉

// list::unique#include <iostream>#include <cmath>#include <list>using namespace std;// a binary predicate implemented as a function:bool same_integral_part (double first, double second){ return ( int(first)==int(second) ); }// a binary predicate implemented as a class:class is_near{public:  bool operator() (double first, double second)  { return (fabs(first-second)<5.0); }};int main (){  double mydoubles[]={ 12.15,  2.72, 73.0,  12.77,  3.14,                       12.77, 73.35, 72.25, 15.3,  72.25 };  list<double> mylist (mydoubles,mydoubles+10);    mylist.sort();             //  2.72,  3.14, 12.15, 12.77, 12.77,                             // 15.3,  72.25, 72.25, 73.0,  73.35  mylist.unique();           //  2.72,  3.14, 12.15, 12.77                             // 15.3,  72.25, 73.0,  73.35  mylist.unique (same_integral_part);  //  2.72,  3.14, 12.15                                       // 15.3,  72.25, 73.0  mylist.unique (is_near());           //  2.72, 12.15, 72.25  cout << "mylist contains:";  for (list<double>::iterator it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)    cout << " " << *it;  cout << endl;  return 0;}


注意:unique是在有序的前提下进行去重。所以,在使用它之前最好先对list排一下序。

merge()函数原型:

void merge ( list<T,Allocator>& x );  //将x 和对象进行合并,合并完成后x里数据全部被删除掉template <class Compare>  void merge ( list<T,Allocator>& x, Compare comp );


sort()函数原型:

  void sort ( );template <class Compare>  void sort ( Compare comp );


对list中的元素进行排序。

reverse()函数原型:

void reverse ( );

很简单,对list进行逆序。

    

    front()返回头结点的数据。

    back()返回尾结点的数据。

3.简单模拟实现list

#pragma once#include<iostream>#include<cassert>using namespace std;template <class T>struct LinkNode{typedef LinkNode<T> node;LinkNode(T n=0):_data(n), _prev(0), _next(0){}T _data;node * _prev;node * _next;};template <class T,class Ptr,class Ref>class LinkIterator{public:typedef LinkIterator<T, Ptr, Ref> Self;typedef LinkIterator<T, T*, T&> Iterator;typedef LinkNode<T> node;LinkIterator(node* x):_node(x){}LinkIterator(){}LinkIterator(const Self& it){_node = it._node;}bool operator==(const Self& it){return _node == it._node;}bool operator!=(const Self& it){return _node != it._node;}Ref operator*(){return _node->_data;}Ptr operator->(){return &(_node->_data);}Self& operator++(){_node = _node->_next;return *this;}Self operator++(int){Self tmp(*this);_node = _node->_next;return tmp;}Self& operator--(){_node = _node->_prev;return *this;}Self operator--(int){Self tmp(*this);_node = _node->_prev;return tmp;}node* _node;};template <class T>class Link{public:typedef LinkIterator<T, T*, T&> Iterator;typedef Link<T> link;typedef LinkNode<T> node;typedef node* node_type;Link():_head(new node(T())){_head->_next = _head;_head->_prev = _head;}~Link(){Clear();delete _head;_head = NULL;}/*****************插入相关操作**********************/void PushBack(T x)   //尾插{/*node* NewNode = BuyNewNode(x);node* tmp = _head->_prev;NewNode->_prev = tmp;NewNode->_next = _head;tmp->_next = NewNode;_head->_prev = NewNode;*/Insert(End(), x);}void PushFront(T x)   //头插{Insert(Begin(), x);}Iterator Insert(Iterator pos, const T& x) // 在pos前插入值t的元素,返回新添加元素的迭代器  {node_type NewNode = BuyNewNode(x);node_type cur = pos._node;NewNode->_next = cur;cur->_prev->_next = NewNode;NewNode->_prev = cur->_prev;cur->_prev = NewNode;return Iterator(NewNode);}void Insert(Iterator pos, size_t n, const T &t)//在pos前插入n个值为t的元素 {for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++){Insert(pos, t);}}void Insert(Iterator pos, Iterator b, Iterator e)//在pos前插入[b,e)范围的元素{for (Iterator tmp = b; tmp != e; tmp++){Insert(pos, tmp._node->_data);}}node* BuyNewNode(T x=0){node*tmp = new node(x);tmp->_next = tmp;tmp->_prev = tmp;return tmp;}/**********删除相关操作*******************/Iterator Erase(Iterator it)//删除it所指向的元素,返回所删除元素的下一个元素对应的迭代器  {assert(it != End());node_type cur = it._node;node_type del = cur;cur = cur->_next;cur->_prev = del->_prev;del->_prev->_next = cur;delete del;del = NULL;return Iterator(cur);}void Clear()//删除容器内的所有元素  {node_type cur = _head->_next;while (cur != _head){node* del = cur;cur = cur->_next;delete del;del = NULL;}}void PopBack()//删除容器内最后一个有效的元素  {Erase(--End());}void PopFront()//删除容器内第一个有效的元素 {Erase(Begin());}/***************访问相关*******************/Iterator Begin(){return Iterator(_head->_next);}Iterator End(){return Iterator(_head);}T& Front(){return _head->_next->_data;}T& Back(){return _head->_prev->_data;}bool Empty() const{return _head->_next == _head;}size_t Size(){size_t count = 0;for (Iterator it = Begin(); it != End(); it++){count++;}return count;}private:node_type _head;};
测试用代码:
#include"Link.h"void TestLink(){Link<int> l;l.PushBack(1);     //测试尾插,插入函数l.PushBack(2);Link<int> l2;l2.PushFront(1);    //测试头插l2.PushFront(2);Link<int>::Iterator it;for (it = l.Begin(); it != l.End(); it++)      //测试迭代器{cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;for (it = l2.Begin(); it != l2.End(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;l2.Insert(l2.Begin(), 4, 1);     //测试重载的插入函数for (it = l2.Begin(); it != l2.End(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;l.Insert(l.Begin(), l2.Begin(), l2.End());  //测试重载的插入函数for (it = l.Begin(); it != l.End(); it++)     {cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;l.Erase(--l.End());//测试删除函数for (it = l.Begin(); it != l.End(); it++){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;cout << l.Front() << endl;  //测试访头函数cout << l.Back() << endl;  //测试访尾函数cout << l.Size() << endl;  //测试容器大小函数}



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