最有效的学习方法是什么？

最有效的学习方法是什么？

Everyone learns differently and everyone has unique interests. But surely some techniques and methods are more effective than others.

每个人的兴趣不同学习的内容也不同，但是可以肯定的是，存在一些更有效的学习技巧和方法。

• So what is the best way to facilitate the consolidation of skills and knowledge into long-term memory? Is there a proven technique or methodology one can follow to learn any subject effectively?(this ties in with efficency too)
• What works best for you? How do you learn best?

• 有什么最好的方法可以帮助你把所学的技能和知识长时间的存留？有没有什么已被证明的技巧和方法可以用来有效学习任何一个内容。

• 对于来说最有效的学习方法是什么？你是如何学习的？

回答

There is an excellent and free online course on this topic at Coursera, with very affable course instructors too!

在Coursera上有一个关于该问题的免费课程课程，而且课程里的讲师也非常和蔼。

Learning how to learn.

基础概要

1. There are two mode of thinking: Focused and Diffuse

1.人的两种思维方式：专注思维和发散思维

Focused mode happens when you work a problem intently, such as taking a test or concentrating on memorising something. You use most of your working memory for this mode of think.

当你专注的解决一个问题的时候，你用的是专注思维。比如你在参加考试或者全神贯注的记忆一些事情。你大部分的工作记忆都是用的这种模式。

Diffuse mode is thinking behind the sence. Say you encountered a difficult math problem you just can’t solve even after a long time, so you take a break. While you are taking a break, your brain doesn’t stop trying to solve the problem – it will keep on working, without you even realising it. If you’ve seen how some people come out from hot shower all exicited because they think they just had a brilliant breakthrough, it’s diffuse mode.

而发散思维是在背后执行的。当你遇到一个数学问题，你花了很久还是没有解决，于是你决定休息一下，但是当你在休息的时候，你的大脑其实没有停止休息，他依然在工作来解决那个问题，只是你察觉不到。比如说某些人在洗澡的时候突然解决了一个困扰已久的问题，这个解决的思考模式就是发散思维。

Neither is better than the other; they are useful in different settings. If you want to be a better learner, you need to be aware of and know how to use both efficiently.

它们两者之间没有孰重孰轻，因为它们用在不同的方式。如果你想更好的学习，你需要了解并且明白如何有效的使用这两种模式。

2.Chunking

2.块状化

Chunking is a process whereby you try to make sense of something complex by breaking it down and works on smaller units(“chunks”). For example, in learning a new language, you learn the phrases, grammars, vocabs, etc that would help you construct complex sentences. Had you try to form a complex sentence right from a get go, it would have much more difficult, because everything seems foreign. Chunking makes difficult more manageable.

块状化是一个处理过程，当你想弄明白一些复杂的东西，你可以通过打破它，把它分解成更小的单元，这个过程就是块状化的过程。比如你在学习一门新语言，你想造一个复杂的句子，于是你把目标块状化，你学习词组，语法，单词等等等等，来帮助你造出一个复杂的句子。如果你一开始跳过所有的步骤直接学习造句，它会变得非常困难，因为每个东西对你来说都是未知的。组块化让很难的东西变得易于理解和学习。

3.Spaced repetition

3. 定期地复习

instead of reading memorising the textbook 20x in a day for the test tomorrow, it’s much better to spread out the 20x throughout the month befor the test. Why? By interwreaving the learning over a longer period of time, you move the material from short term memory to the term memory. This consolidation period when you sleep –so sleep! Sacrificing sleep the night before test/presentation counterproductive.

考试前一天看20遍，不如把这20遍放在考前的一个月里去看。因为通过把这个学习材料贯穿在一个长时间去学习，你的大脑会把这份材料从短时记忆移到尝试记忆。而你的大脑巩固你看过的材料来让你更好记忆，这个工作是在你睡觉的时候进行的，因此睡眠非常重要！所以在考前一天牺牲睡眠产生的效果是事与愿违的。

4. 拖延

Learning is painful(and also fun!)–Your brain wants to avoid feeling pain because it’s uncomfortable.The solution it came up with is to prioritise short term gain as opposed to long term benefits(which requires the painful work).That’s why instead of reading the textbook, you watch cat videos.

学习是痛苦的（也有快乐）–你的大脑会尽力避免痛苦因为那会让他不舒服。解决方法就是优先考虑短期利益与长期利益。这就是为什么比起读书你更喜欢看电视。

The key is realise two things:
A.The pain in only in the beginning. Once you get started, the pain will dissipate.
B.Focus on tht process, not the product. Too often wo focus on the product–“I want to be fluent in another language”–but nothing get done in the end because often the path to the product is long and arduous. If we can enjoy the process, we’ll get much faster.

解决该问题的关键是你要明白两件事情：
A.痛苦只存在在一开始,当你开始学习时，痛苦也就随之消失了。
B.专注于过程而不是结果。我们通常都太关注结果了，“我想说一口流利的外语”等等。不过这种情况通常到最后，你什么都没做成。因为通往目标的道路是很长而且是艰辛的。如果我们可以享受过程，我们会跑得更快。

总结

1.如何更好的记忆和理解

Use your focused mode to understand and memorise the metarial initially, and then stop. Do something else. Allow your diffuse mode to kick in to etch the idea even deeper.

用你的专注思维来最开始去理解和记忆学习资料（我的理解就是整个的过一遍），然后停止。做一些别的事情，让你的发散来做记忆的深加工。

practice, practice, practice(remember the concept of spaced repetition). Sleep to consolidate learning and put them in your long term memory.

练习练习再练习，记住，利用水面来巩固你所学的内容，让它变成长时记忆。

Learning myth: that mind maps and re-reading materials will make you competent at the subject.

关于学习的传说：思维导图和重复阅读会让你能够达成你的目标。

They only create the illusion of competence. Only recalling and practice help make you remember the material better and at a deeper level.That’s why it’s important to take tests (a form of recalling & practice).

它们只会创造虚拟的成功。只有回忆和练习可以帮助你学的更好更深入。这也是为什么考试很重要的原因(也是一种回忆和练习的形式)。

To memorise easier, use memory palace technique and vivid imaginations. Memory palace technique is a technique used by memory athletes around the world to memorise a huge number of random words/numbers in a very short amount of time. They can even regurgitate the memorised words in reversed order!

为了让记忆更简单，可以使用记忆宫殿法。记忆宫殿的技巧是利用想象力在大脑里假象出一个世界，可以用这个世界来记忆大量无规律的单词或者数字，这个方法可以很快的记住这些东西，并且甚至可以倒背。

How? By attaching each word to a location they know well – like their own home. For example, “egg” in the entrance door, “milk” in the shoe rack, “meatball” in the guest room, “wallet” on the dinner table.

这是如何产生的？通过把每个单词放在你的记忆宫殿里–就像自己的家一样，比如，把“鸡蛋”放在门口，“牛奶”放在鞋架上，“肉丸”放在客厅，“钱包”放在饭桌上。

They also memorise difficult words using vivid imaginations and creativity. For example, “phosphorus” might be memorised as “frost forest.” They sound similar, but much more memorable!

他们也用丰富的想象力和创造力来记住一些复杂的单词。比如“磷”，可以把它想象成结霜的森林来记忆。这听起来很相似，但是更好记。

Use checklist to reduce the working memory used. Without checklist of the things need to be done, you will be constantly thinking about what to do next and hope nothing gets missed. By creating a checklist (ideally done the night before to consolidate the tasks while you sleep), you can release the working memory and use the capacity for other more productive things.

用备忘录来减少记忆内存的占用。如果需要做的事情你不用备忘录去记下来，你就会不断的去想那件事害怕有什么事忘记做。通过创建一个备忘录（理想情况下在晚上睡觉前做好这件事），你可以释放你的记忆内存转而用来做你真正需要记忆的事情。

2. 如何避免拖延

Focus on the process instead of the product by using Pomodoro technique. Pomodoro technique regiments your focus for 25 minutes at a time, with 5 minute break at the end. During the focus session, completely remove all distraction and just work on the material. During the 5 minute break, reward yourself with coffee, walk, short conversation, etc. Then take another Pomodoro session. Rinse and repeat.

通过番茄工作法来帮助你专注于过程而不是结果。番茄工作法的核心理念是，让你一次专注25分钟然后休息五分钟。在专注期间，完全移除杂念全身心投入到目标任务中。然后五分钟来犒劳自己，休息一下可以喝杯咖啡走一走聊聊天等等。然后开启第二个番茄时钟，如此反复。

Happy learning! :)!

附：
讲述如何学习的coursera：https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn/
番茄时钟下载链接：https://pomotodo.com/#apps
记忆宫殿详细说明与操作方法：http://www.jiyifa.com/gongdian/