log4j,slf4j及Commons Logging介绍与原理使用
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一、 概念
Log4j
Apache的一个开放源代码项目,通过使用Log4j,我们可以控制日志信息输送的目的地是控制台、文件、GUI组件、甚至是套接口服务 器、NT的事件记录器、UNIX Syslog守护进程等;用户也可以控制每一条日志的输出格式;通过定义每一条日志信息的级别,用户能够更加细致地控制日志的生成过程。这些可以通过一个 配置文件来灵活地进行配置,而不需要修改程序代码。是 经典的一种日志解决方案。内部把日志系统抽象封装成Logger 、appender 、pattern 等实现。我们可以通过配置文件轻松的实现日志系统的管理和多样化配置。
LOGBack
Logback是由log4j创始人设计的又一个开源日记组件。logback当前分成三个模块:logback-core,logback- classic和logback-access。logback-core是其它两个模块的基础模块。logback-classic是log4j的一个 改良版本。此外logback-classic完整实现SLF4J API使你可以很方便地更换成其它日记系统如log4j或JDK14 Logging。logback-access访问模块与Servlet容器集成提供通过Http来访问日记的功能。LOGBack 作为一个通用可靠、快速灵活的日志框架,将作为Log4j 的替代和SLF4J 组成新的日志系统的完整实现。官网上称具有极佳的性能,在关键路径上执行速度是log4j 的10 倍,且内存消耗更少。具体优势见:http://logback.qos.ch/reasonsToSwitch.html
Log4J vs. LOGBack
LOGBack作为一个通用可靠、快速灵活的日志框架,将作为Log4j的替代和SLF4J组成新的日志系统的完整实现。LOGBack声称具有极佳的性能,“ 某些关键操作,比如判定是否记录一条日志语句的操作,其性能得到了显著的提高。这个操作在LogBack中需要3纳秒,而在Log4J中则需要30纳秒。 LogBack创建记录器(logger)的速度也更快:13微秒,而在Log4J中需要23微秒。更重要的是,它获取已存在的记录器只需94纳秒,而 Log4J需要2234纳秒,时间减少到了1/23。跟JUL相比的性能提高也是显著的”。
另外,LOGBack的所有文档是全面免费提供的,不象Log4J那样只提供部分免费文档而需要用户去购买付费文档。
SLF4J
简单日记门面(Facade)SLF4J是为各种loging APIs提供一个简单统一的接口,从而使得最终用户能够在部署的时候配置自己希望的loging APIs实现。 Logging API实现既可以选择直接实现SLF4J接的loging APIs如: NLOG4J、SimpleLogger。也可以通过SLF4J提供的API实现来开发相应的适配器如Log4jLoggerAdapter、JDK14LoggerAdapter。
Apache Common-Logging
目前广泛使用的Java日志门面库。通过动态查找的机制,在程序运行时自动找出真正使用的日志库。但由于它使用了ClassLoader寻找和载入底层的日志库, 导致了象OSGI这样的框架无法正常工作,由于其不同的插件使用自己的ClassLoader。 OSGI的这种机制保证了插件互相独立,然而确使Apache Common-Logging无法工作。 apache最早提供的日志的门面接口。避免和具体的日志方案直接耦合。类似于JDBC 的api 接口,具体的的JDBC driver 实现由各数据库提供商实现。通过统一接口解耦,不过其内部也实现了一些简单日志方案。
SLF4J vs. Apache Common-Logging
SLF4J库类似于Apache Common-Logging。但是,他在编译时静态绑定真正的Log库。使用SLF4J时,如果你需要使用某一种日志实现,那么你必须选择正确的SLF4J的jar包的集合。 如此便可以在OSGI中使用了。
另外,SLF4J 支持参数化的log字符串,避免了之前为了减少字符串拼接的性能损耗而不得不写的if(logger.isDebugEnable()),现在你可以直接写:logger.debug(“current user is: {}”, user)。拼装消息被推迟到了它能够确定是不是要显示这条消息的时候,但是获取参数的代价并没有幸免。同时,日志中的参数若超过三个,则需要将参数以数组的形式传入,如:
Object[] params = {value1, value2, value3};
logger.debug(“first value: {}, second value: {} and third value: {}.”, params);
现在,Hibernate、Jetty、Spring-OSGi、Wicket和MINA等项目都已经迁移到了SLF4J,由此可见SLF4J的影响力不可忽视。
Slf4j全称为Simple Logging Facade for JAVA:java简单日志门面。 是对不同日志框架提供的一个门面封装。可以在部署的时候不修改任何配置即可接入一种日志实现方案。和commons-loging 应该有一样的初衷。个人感觉设从计上更好一些,没有commons 那么多潜规则。同时有两个额外特点:
1. 能支持多个参数,并通过{} 占位符进行替换,避免老写logger.isXXXEnabled 这种无奈的判断,带来性能提升见:http://www.slf4j.org/faq.html#logging_performance 。
2.OSGI 机制更好兼容支持,官网上的一个图:
从上图可以发现,选择还是很多的。
二、 常见日志方案和注意事项
1.Commons-logging+log4j : 经典的一个日志实现方案。出现在各种框架里。如spring 、webx 、ibatis 等等。直接使用log4j 即可满足我们的日志方案。但是一般为了避免直接依赖具体的日志实现,一般都是结合commons-logging 来实现。常见代码如下:
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
private static Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(CommonsLoggingTest.class);
代码上,没有依赖任何的log4j 内部的类。那么log4j 是如何被装载的?
Log 是一个接口声明。LogFactory 的内部会去装载具体的日志系统,并获得实现该Log 接口的实现类。而内部有一个Log4JLogger 实现类对Log 接口同时内部提供了对log4j logger 的代理。LogFactory 内部装载日志系统流程:
1. 首先,寻找org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory 属性配置
2. 否则,利用JDK1.3 开始提供的service 发现机制,会扫描classpah 下的META-INF/services/org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory 文件,若找到则装载里面的配置,使用里面的配置。
3. 否则,从Classpath 里寻找commons-logging.properties ,找到则根据里面的配置加载。
4. 否则,使用默认的配置:如果能找到Log4j 则默认使用log4j 实现,如果没有则使用JDK14Logger 实现,再没有则使用commons-logging 内部提供的SimpleLog 实现。
从上述加载流程来看,如果没有做任何配置,只要引入了log4j 并在classpath 配置了log4j.xml ,则commons-logging 就会使log4j 使用正常,而代码里不需要依赖任何log4j 的代码。
2.Commons-logging+log4j+slf4j
如果在原有commons-logging 系统里,如果要迁移到slf4j, 使用slf4j 替换commons-logging ,也是可以做到的。原理使用到了上述commons-logging 加载的第二点。需要引入Org.slf4j.jcl-over-slf4j-1.5.6.jar 。这个jar 包提供了一个桥接,让底层实现是基于slf4j 。原理是在该jar 包里存放了配置META-INF/services/org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory =org.apache.commons.logging.impl.SLF4JLogFactory,而commons-logging 在初始化的时候会找到这个serviceId ,并把它作为LogFactory 。
完成桥接后,那么那么简单日志门面SLF4J 内部又是如何来装载合适的log 呢?
原理是SLF4J 会在编译时会绑定import org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder; 该类里面实现对具体日志方案的绑定接入。任何一种基于slf4j 的实现都要有一个这个类。如:
org.slf4j.slf4j-log4j12-1.5.6: 提供对 log4j 的一种适配实现。
Org.slf4j.slf4j-simple-1.5.6: 是一种 simple 实现,会将 log 直接打到控制台。
……
那么这个地方就要注意了:如果有任意两个实现slf4j 的包同时出现,那就有可能酿就悲剧,你可能会发现日志不见了、或都打到控制台了。原因是这两个jar 包里都有各自的org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder ,编译时候绑定的是哪个是不确定的。这个地方要特别注意!!出现过几次因为这个导致日志错乱的问题。
3.使用SLf4j +log4j很简单:
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class TestSlf4j {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TestSlf4j.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
logger.info(logger.getName());
}
}
代码里也看不到任何具体日志实现方案的痕迹。
三、springMVC中commons logging的源码
HttpServletBean.java
/** Logger available to subclasses */protected final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
/** * Convenience method to return a named logger, without the application * having to care about factories. * * @param clazz Class from which a log name will be derived * @throws LogConfigurationException if a suitable <code>Log</code> * instance cannot be returned */ public static Log getLog(Class clazz) throws LogConfigurationException { return getFactory().getInstance(clazz); }
commons logging中的LogFactory.getFactory()
/** * Construct (if necessary) and return a <code>LogFactory</code> * instance, using the following ordered lookup procedure to determine * the name of the implementation class to be loaded. * <p> * <ul> * <li>The <code>org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory</code> system * property.</li> * <li>The JDK 1.3 Service Discovery mechanism</li> * <li>Use the properties file <code>commons-logging.properties</code> * file, if found in the class path of this class. The configuration * file is in standard <code>java.util.Properties</code> format and * contains the fully qualified name of the implementation class * with the key being the system property defined above.</li> * <li>Fall back to a default implementation class * (<code>org.apache.commons.logging.impl.LogFactoryImpl</code>).</li> * </ul> * <p> * <em>NOTE</em> - If the properties file method of identifying the * <code>LogFactory</code> implementation class is utilized, all of the * properties defined in this file will be set as configuration attributes * on the corresponding <code>LogFactory</code> instance. * <p> * <em>NOTE</em> - In a multi-threaded environment it is possible * that two different instances will be returned for the same * classloader environment. * * @throws LogConfigurationException if the implementation class is not * available or cannot be instantiated. */ public static LogFactory getFactory() throws LogConfigurationException { // Identify the class loader we will be using ClassLoader contextClassLoader = getContextClassLoaderInternal(); if (contextClassLoader == null) { // This is an odd enough situation to report about. This // output will be a nuisance on JDK1.1, as the system // classloader is null in that environment. if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("Context classloader is null."); } } // Return any previously registered factory for this class loader LogFactory factory = getCachedFactory(contextClassLoader); if (factory != null) { return factory; } if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic( "[LOOKUP] LogFactory implementation requested for the first time for context classloader " + objectId(contextClassLoader)); logHierarchy("[LOOKUP] ", contextClassLoader); } // Load properties file. // // If the properties file exists, then its contents are used as // "attributes" on the LogFactory implementation class. One particular // property may also control which LogFactory concrete subclass is // used, but only if other discovery mechanisms fail.. // // As the properties file (if it exists) will be used one way or // another in the end we may as well look for it first. Properties props = getConfigurationFile(contextClassLoader, FACTORY_PROPERTIES); // Determine whether we will be using the thread context class loader to // load logging classes or not by checking the loaded properties file (if any). ClassLoader baseClassLoader = contextClassLoader; if (props != null) { String useTCCLStr = props.getProperty(TCCL_KEY); if (useTCCLStr != null) { // The Boolean.valueOf(useTCCLStr).booleanValue() formulation // is required for Java 1.2 compatibility. if (Boolean.valueOf(useTCCLStr).booleanValue() == false) { // Don't use current context classloader when locating any // LogFactory or Log classes, just use the class that loaded // this abstract class. When this class is deployed in a shared // classpath of a container, it means webapps cannot deploy their // own logging implementations. It also means that it is up to the // implementation whether to load library-specific config files // from the TCCL or not. baseClassLoader = thisClassLoader; } } } // Determine which concrete LogFactory subclass to use. // First, try a global system property if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Looking for system property [" + FACTORY_PROPERTY + "] to define the LogFactory subclass to use..."); } try { String factoryClass = getSystemProperty(FACTORY_PROPERTY, null); if (factoryClass != null) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Creating an instance of LogFactory class '" + factoryClass + "' as specified by system property " + FACTORY_PROPERTY); } factory = newFactory(factoryClass, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader); } else { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No system property [" + FACTORY_PROPERTY + "] defined."); } } } catch (SecurityException e) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] A security exception occurred while trying to create an" + " instance of the custom factory class" + ": [" + trim(e.getMessage()) + "]. Trying alternative implementations..."); } // ignore } catch (RuntimeException e) { // This is not consistent with the behaviour when a bad LogFactory class is // specified in a services file. // // One possible exception that can occur here is a ClassCastException when // the specified class wasn't castable to this LogFactory type. if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] An exception occurred while trying to create an" + " instance of the custom factory class" + ": [" + trim(e.getMessage()) + "] as specified by a system property."); } throw e; } // Second, try to find a service by using the JDK1.3 class // discovery mechanism, which involves putting a file with the name // of an interface class in the META-INF/services directory, where the // contents of the file is a single line specifying a concrete class // that implements the desired interface. if (factory == null) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Looking for a resource file of name [" + SERVICE_ID + "] to define the LogFactory subclass to use..."); } try { final InputStream is = getResourceAsStream(contextClassLoader, SERVICE_ID); if( is != null ) { // This code is needed by EBCDIC and other strange systems. // It's a fix for bugs reported in xerces BufferedReader rd; try { rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8")); } catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e) { rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is)); } String factoryClassName = rd.readLine(); rd.close(); if (factoryClassName != null && ! "".equals(factoryClassName)) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Creating an instance of LogFactory class " + factoryClassName + " as specified by file '" + SERVICE_ID + "' which was present in the path of the context classloader."); } factory = newFactory(factoryClassName, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader ); } } else { // is == null if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No resource file with name '" + SERVICE_ID + "' found."); } } } catch (Exception ex) { // note: if the specified LogFactory class wasn't compatible with LogFactory // for some reason, a ClassCastException will be caught here, and attempts will // continue to find a compatible class. if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic( "[LOOKUP] A security exception occurred while trying to create an" + " instance of the custom factory class" + ": [" + trim(ex.getMessage()) + "]. Trying alternative implementations..."); } // ignore } } // Third try looking into the properties file read earlier (if found) if (factory == null) { if (props != null) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic( "[LOOKUP] Looking in properties file for entry with key '" + FACTORY_PROPERTY + "' to define the LogFactory subclass to use..."); } String factoryClass = props.getProperty(FACTORY_PROPERTY); if (factoryClass != null) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic( "[LOOKUP] Properties file specifies LogFactory subclass '" + factoryClass + "'"); } factory = newFactory(factoryClass, baseClassLoader, contextClassLoader); // TODO: think about whether we need to handle exceptions from newFactory } else { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] Properties file has no entry specifying LogFactory subclass."); } } } else { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic("[LOOKUP] No properties file available to determine" + " LogFactory subclass from.."); } } } // Fourth, try the fallback implementation class if (factory == null) { if (isDiagnosticsEnabled()) { logDiagnostic( "[LOOKUP] Loading the default LogFactory implementation '" + FACTORY_DEFAULT + "' via the same classloader that loaded this LogFactory" + " class (ie not looking in the context classloader)."); } // Note: unlike the above code which can try to load custom LogFactory // implementations via the TCCL, we don't try to load the default LogFactory // implementation via the context classloader because: // * that can cause problems (see comments in newFactory method) // * no-one should be customising the code of the default class // Yes, we do give up the ability for the child to ship a newer // version of the LogFactoryImpl class and have it used dynamically // by an old LogFactory class in the parent, but that isn't // necessarily a good idea anyway. factory = newFactory(FACTORY_DEFAULT, thisClassLoader, contextClassLoader); } if (factory != null) { /** * Always cache using context class loader. */ cacheFactory(contextClassLoader, factory); if (props != null) { Enumeration names = props.propertyNames(); while (names.hasMoreElements()) { String name = (String) names.nextElement(); String value = props.getProperty(name); factory.setAttribute(name, value); } } } return factory; }
参考:
http://javacrazyer.iteye.com/blog/1135493
http://blog.csdn.net/woshiwxw765/article/details/7624556
http://blog.csdn.net/conquer0715/article/details/9365491
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