CentOS 7安装完成后初始化

1、添加用户

新增名为"wang"的用户

[root@vdevops ~]# useradd wang #添加账户
[root@vdevops ~]# passwd wang #设置密码
Changing password for user wang.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@vdevops ~]# exit #退出

以用户"wang"为例，设置其为唯一拥有管理员权限的账户

[root@vdevops ~]# usermod -G wheel wang
[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/pam.d/su

#%PAM-1.0auth            sufficient      pam_rootok.so# Uncomment the following line to implicitly trust users in the "wheel" group.#auth           sufficient      pam_wheel.so trust use_uid# Uncomment the following line to require a user to be in the "wheel" group.# 取消下面一行的注释auth            required        pam_wheel.so use_uidauth            substack        system-authauth            include         postloginaccount         sufficient      pam_succeed_if.so uid = 0 use_uid quietaccount         include         system-authpassword        include         system-authsession         include         system-authsession         include         postloginsession         optional        pam_xauth.so

设置root账户的邮件转发

# Person who should get root's mail
# 最后一行，取消注释，改变用户名称
root: wang

2、设置防火墙和SELINUX

【1】防火墙

查看防火墙状态

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl status firewalld● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)   Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-10-26 01:09:49 CST; 1h 36min ago Main PID: 744 (firewalld)   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service           └─744 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopidOct 26 01:09:46 vdevops.com systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...Oct 26 01:09:49 vdevops.com systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.

防火墙基本操作

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl start firewalld   #启动防火墙[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl enable firewalld  #设置防火墙开机自启

默认情况下，“public”区域应用于NIC，dhcpv6-client和ssh是允许的。当使用“firewall-cmd”命令操作时，如果输入命令不带“--zone = ***”规范，则配置设置为默认区域。

#显示默认区域[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --get-default-zone public#显示当前设置[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-allpublic (default, active)  interfaces: eno16777736  sources:   services: dhcpv6-client ssh  ports:   masquerade: no  forward-ports:   icmp-blocks:   rich rules: #显示全部区域[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all-zonesblock  interfaces:   sources:   services:   ports:   masquerade: no  forward-ports:   icmp-blocks:   rich rules:     dmz  interfaces:   sources:   services: ssh  ports:   masquerade: no  forward-ports:   icmp-blocks:   rich rules: ...#显示特定区域允许的服务[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-service --zone=externalssh#改变默认区域[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=externalsuccess#改变制定区域的接口[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --change-interface=eth1 --zone=externalsuccess#显示制定区域的状态[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all --zone=externalexternal (default, active)  interfaces: eno16777736 eth1  sources:   services: ssh  ports:   masquerade: yes  forward-ports:   icmp-blocks:   rich rules: #注：改变制定区域的接口，前提是次接口在当前系统是存在的

显示默认定义的服务

[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --get-servicesRH-Satellite-6 amanda-client bacula bacula-client dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps freeipa-replication ftp high-availability http https imaps ipp ipp-client ipsec iscsi-target kerberos kpasswd ldap ldaps libvirt libvirt-tls mdns mountd ms-wbt mysql nfs ntp openvpn pmcd pmproxy pmwebapi pmwebapis pop3s postgresql proxy-dhcp radius rpc-bind rsyncd samba samba-client smtp ssh telnet tftp tftp-client transmission-client vdsm vnc-server wbem-https#定义文件路径如下，如果需要添加新的定义文件，在下面目录添加相应的XML文件[root@vdevops ~]# ls /usr/lib/firewalld/services amanda-client.xml  freeipa-ldap.xml         ipp.xml           libvirt.xml  pmcd.xml        RH-Satellite-6.xml  tftp-client.xmlbacula-client.xml  freeipa-replication.xml  ipsec.xml         mdns.xml     pmproxy.xml     rpc-bind.xml        tftp.xmlbacula.xml         ftp.xml                  iscsi-target.xml  mountd.xml   pmwebapis.xml   rsyncd.xml          transmission-client.xmldhcpv6-client.xml  high-availability.xml    kerberos.xml      ms-wbt.xml   pmwebapi.xml    samba-client.xml    vdsm.xmldhcpv6.xml         https.xml                kpasswd.xml       mysql.xml    pop3s.xml       samba.xml           vnc-server.xmldhcp.xml           http.xml                 ldaps.xml         nfs.xml      postgresql.xml  smtp.xml            wbem-https.xmldns.xml            imaps.xml                ldap.xml          ntp.xml      proxy-dhcp.xml  ssh.xmlfreeipa-ldaps.xml  ipp-client.xml           libvirt-tls.xml   openvpn.xml  radius.xml      telnet.xml

添加或删除允许的服务，重新启动系统后，更改将恢复。如果永久更改设置，请添加“--permanent”选项。

#以添加http服务为例[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=httpsuccess[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-servicehttp ssh#移除添加的http<pre name="code" class="html">[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-service=httpsuccess[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-servicessh#添加http服务，永久生效 

[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanentsuccess
[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --reloadsuccess[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-servicehttp ssh

添加和移除端口

[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp                #添加端口success[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port465/tcp[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-port=465/tcp             #移除端口success[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --add-port=465/tcp --permanent    #添加端口，永久生效success[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --reloadsuccess[root@vdevops ~]# firewall-cmd --list-port465/tcp

加或删除禁止的ICMP类型

[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --add-icmp-block=echo-request      #添加禁止回应请求success[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocksecho-request[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --remove-icmp-block=echo-request   #移除添加的参数success[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --list-icmp-blocks[root@dlp ~]# firewall-cmd --get-icmptypes                    #显示ICMP支持的功能destination-unreachable echo-reply echo-request parameter-problem redirectrouter-advertisement router-solicitation source-quench time-exceeded 

【2】如果不需要防火墙服务，关闭如下

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl stop firewalld                      #停止防火墙服务[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl disable firewalld                   #禁止防火墙开机自启Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.

3、SELinux

[root@vdevops ~]# getenforce                 #查看SELINUX工作模式Enforcing[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i 's/SELINUX=Enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config    #禁用SELINUX[root@vdevops ~]# setenforce 0                #临时禁用SELINUX，无需重启

4、网络设置
【1】、设置静态IP和改变接口名称

[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.addresses 10.1.1.56/24           #设置静态IP[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.gateway 10.1.1.1                 #设置网关[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.dns 10.1.1.1                     #设置DNS[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c modify eno16777736 ipv4.method manual                    #设置ipv4的类型为静态[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli c down eno16777736;nmcli c up eno16777736                  #重启网络接口Connection 'eno16777736' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0)Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1)[root@vdevops ~]# nmcli d show eno16777736                                         #查看网络接口状态GENERAL.DEVICE:                         eno16777736GENERAL.TYPE:                           ethernetGENERAL.HWADDR:                         00:0C:29:B6:F5:5EGENERAL.MTU:                            1500GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (connected)GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     eno16777736GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:               onIP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         10.1.1.56/24IP4.GATEWAY:                            10.1.1.1IP4.DNS[1]:                             10.1.1.1IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e/64IP6.GATEWAY:                            [root@vdevops ~]# ip addr show                                                     #查看IP状态1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN     link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever    inet6 ::1/128 scope host        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000    link/ether 00:0c:29:b6:f5:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff    inet 10.1.1.56/24 brd 10.1.1.255 scope global eno16777736       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feb6:f55e/64 scope link        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

【2】禁用IPV6

[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/default/grub #第六行，添加GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto <span style="color:#FF0000;">ipv6.disable=1</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet"[root@vdevops ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfgGenerating grub configuration file ...Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94.imgdone[root@vdevops ~]# reboot   #重启系统

【3】如果要将网络接口名称用作ethX，请按如下所示进行配置。

[root@vdevops ~]# vim /etc/default/grub #第六行添加GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto ipv6.disable=1 <span style="color:#FF0000;">net.ifnames=0</span> rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet[root@vdevops ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfgGenerating grub configuration file ...Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.36.2.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.imgFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-d1b9467b8b744a3db391f2c15fe58a94.imgdone

4、服务设置
[1]、查看服务状态

# 显示正在运行的服务[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl -t serviceUNIT                                    LOAD   ACTIVE SUB     DESCRIPTIONauditd.service                          loaded active running Security Auditing Serviceavahi-daemon.service                    loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stackcrond.service                           loaded active running Command Schedulerdbus.service                            loaded active running D-Bus System Message [e-mail]                      loaded active running Getty on tty1.........systemd-udevd.service                   loaded active running udev Kernel Device Managersystemd-update-utmp.service             loaded active exited  Update UTMP about System Reboot/Shutdownsystemd-user-sessions.service           loaded active exited  Permit User Sessionssystemd-vconsole-setup.service          loaded active exited  Setup Virtual Consoletuned.service                           loaded active running Dynamic System Tuning DaemonLOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.39 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.# 显示所有服务[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl list-unit-files -t serviceUNIT FILE                               STATEauditd.service                          enabledautovt@.service                         disabledavahi-daemon.service                    enabledblk-availability.service                disabledbrandbot.service                        static.........systemd-user-sessions.service           staticsystemd-vconsole-setup.service          staticteamd@.service                          statictuned.service                           enabledwpa_supplicant.service                  disabled125 unit files listed.

[2]、设置停止启动自动的服务

[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl stop postfix                      #停止服务[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl disable postfix                    Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service.[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl start postfix[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl enable postfixCreated symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service.[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl status postfix● postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport Agent   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)   Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-10-26 18:40:35 CST; 15s ago Main PID: 10071 (master)   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service           ├─10071 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w           ├─10072 pickup -l -t unix -u           └─10073 qmgr -l -t unix -uOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address ...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address ...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: postsuper: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address family no...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix[9999]: /usr/sbin/postconf: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address ...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address family not s...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address family not s...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/master[10071]: daemon started -- version 2.10.1, configuration /etc/postfixOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mail Transport Agent.Oct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/qmgr[10073]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address family not sup...rotocolOct 26 18:40:35 vdevops.com postfix/pickup[10072]: warning: inet_protocols: disabling IPv6 name/address support: Address family not s...rotocolHint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

[3]、还有一些SysV服务。它们由chkconfig控制，如下所示

[root@vdevops ~]# chkconfig --listNote: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native      systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native      systemd configuration.      If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.      To see services enabled on particular target use      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.netconsole     0:off1:off2:off3:off4:off5:off6:offnetwork        0:off1:off2:on3:on4:on5:on6:off

5、更新系统添加其他源
yum update -y

添加其它源
添加一些有用的外部存储库来安装有用的软件
【1】安装插件以向每个安装的存储库添加优先级。

 [root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install yum-plugin-priorities# 设置官方源的优先级为[priority=1][root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=1/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo 

【2】添加从Fedora项目提供的EPEL存储库

 [root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install epel-release# 设置优先级[priority=5][root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=5/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo# 可以通过设置enabled=0，来控制安装软件包时使用相应的源[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo# 如果[enabled=0], 使用下面命令安装软件包[root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=epel install [Package]

【3】添加CentOS SCLo软件集合存储库。

 [root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install centos-release-scl-rh centos-release-scl# 设置优先级[priority=10][root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo# 设置 [enabled=0][root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl.repo[root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/enabled=1/enabled=0/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-SCLo-scl-rh.repo# 设置[enabled=0], 通过下面命令使用相应源[root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-rh install [Package][root@vdevops ~]# yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-sclo install [Package]

【4】添加Remi的RPM存储库，它提供了许多有用的包

 [root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm# 设置优先级 [priority=10][root@vdevops ~]# sed -i -e "s/\]$/\]\npriority=10/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/remi-safe.repo 

6、配置特色的vim
【1】安装vim

[root@vdevops ~]# yum -y install vim-enhanced

【2】设置别名
设置命令别名。 （适用于以下所有用户，如果您申请某个用户，请在“〜/ .bashrc”中写入相同的设置）

 [root@dlp ~]# vi /etc/profile# 在最后添加下面一行内容alias vi='vim'[root@dlp ~]# source /etc/profile  #重载或者echo "alias vi='vim'" >> /etc/profile && source /etc/profile

【3】配置vim，针对所有用户生效修改/etc/vimrc，针对特定用户生效修改~/.vimrc
主要用语法高亮，插件使用，自动缩进等功能，本文不做详细操作，后续会专门写一篇关于优化vim使用的博文，工欲善其事必先利其器
7、设置sudo
配置sudo以区分用户的职责，如果一些人共享权限，必手动安装sudo，因为它默认安装，即使“最小安装”
【1】设置普通用户拥有root的所有权限

 [root@vdevops ~]# visudo#  添加下面一行，使用户“wang”拥有root的所有权限wang    ALL=(ALL)       ALL# 普通用户使用root命令# 确保用户为 'wang'[wang@vdevops ~]$ /usr/bin/cat /etc/shadowcat: /etc/shadow: Permission denied# denied normally[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/bin/cat /etc/shadow[sudo] password for cent:# own passworddaemon:*:16231:0:99999:7:::adm:*:16231:0:99999:7:::lp:*:16231:0:99999:7:::......# 输入wang的密码可以看到执行结果

【2】设置用户不能执行危险命令

 [root@vdevops ~]# visudo# 49行: 定义别名SHUTDOWNCmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /sbin/halt, /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/poweroff, /sbin/reboot, /sbin/init# 设置用户wang不能执行别名SHUTDOWN对应的命令wang ALL=(ALL) ALL, !SHUTDOWN# 确保用户为'wang'[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /sbin/shutdown -r nowSorry, user cent is not allowed to execute '/sbin/shutdown -r now' as root on vdevops.com.   # denied normally

【3】创建一个特殊的组，组用户可以执行部分root命令

 [root@vdevops ~]# visudo# 51行: 为管理用户的几个命令设置别名为USERMGRCmnd_Alias USERMGR = /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/userdel, /usr/sbin/usermod, /usr/bin/passwd# 最后一行添加%usermgr ALL=(ALL) USERMGR[root@vdevops ~]# groupadd usermgr[root@vdevops ~]# usermod -G usermgr wang# 确保用户为wang[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/sbin/useradd testuser#输入用户wang的密码，查看创建结果，显示成功[wang@vdevops ~]$ sudo /usr/bin/passwd testuserChanging password for user testuser.New UNIX password:Retype new UNIX password:passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. 

【4】设置sudo日志
sudo的日志保存在/ var / log / secure中，但它中有很多种类的日志。如果你想保持只有sudo的日志在一个文件，设置如下：

[root@vdevops ~]# visudo# 最后一行添加Defaults syslog=local1[root@vdevops ~]# vi /etc/rsyslog.conf# 在54行修改，添加<span style="color:#FF6666;">local1.none</span>*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none;<span style="color:#FF6666;">local1.none</span>  /var/log/messages# 添加下面一行内容local1.*                                                /var/log/sudo.log[root@vdevops ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog    #重启rsyslog服务