进程的相关知识

来源：互联网发布：谁用过网络麻将开挂编辑：程序博客网时间：2024/06/06 08:41

概念
Linux系统是一个多进程的系统，它的进程之间具有并行性、互不干扰等特点。
也就是说，每个进程都是一个独立的运行单位，拥有各自的权利和责任。其中，各个进程都运行在独立的虚拟地址空间，因此，即使一个进程发生异常，它也不会影响到系统中的其他进程。

进程的ID

<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <sys/types.h> </span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <unistd.h></span>pid_t getpid(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span>)      <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取本进程ID。</span>pid_t getppid(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span>)       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 获取父进程ID</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

进程的创建
1)fork
功能：创建子进程
函数原型：pid_t fork(void)
头文件：#include <unistd.h>
返回值：

0：子进程
子进程ID（大于0）：父进程
-1：出错

2)vfork
作用：建立一个新的进程
函数原型：’pid_t vfork(void)
头文件：

<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <sys/types.h></span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <unistd.h></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

返回值：

0：子进程
子进程ID（大于0）：父进程
-1：出错

fork()和vfork()的区别

fork:子进程拷贝父进程的数据段
vfork:子进程与父进程共享数据段
fork:父、子进程的执行次序不确定
vfork:子进程先运行，父进程后运行

程序比较：
fork：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <unistd.h></span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <stdio.h></span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main(void){       pid_t pid;        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> count=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;        pid = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fork</span>();        count++;        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">printf</span>( “count = <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%d</span>\n<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">", count );        return 0；}</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

执行结果：
count = 1
count = 1

vfork：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <unistd.h></span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <stdio.h></span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main(void){    pid_t pid;    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> count=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;    pid = vfork();    count++;      <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">printf</span>( “count = <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%d</span>\n<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">", count );        return 0；}</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

执行结果：
count=1
count=2

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