进程间通信

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进程间通信方式:

1)普通文件

                这种方式基本上所有的教科书上都没有提到过,但是我个人认为这种我们最早接触到的进程间通信的方式;进程可以通过读写同一个文件,并解析文件内的内容来进行通信。

2)管道(pipe)

               管道是以半双工机制来通信的,分为匿名管道和有名管道;匿名管道只能用于有亲缘关系的进程,有名管道能用于有亲缘关系和无亲缘关系的进程。 

        From manpages        #include <unistd.h>        int pipe(int pipefd[2]);        Description:                 pipe() creates a pipe, a unidirectional data channel that can be used for interpeocess communication. The array pipefd is used to return             file descriptors referring to the ends of pipe.  pipefd[0] refers to the read end of pipe. pipefd[1] refers to the read end of the pipe.                pipe()创建一个单向的可用于进程间通信的管道, 数组pipefd用来返回指向管道两端的文件描述符. pipefd[0]代表管道读端, pipefd[1]代表管道写端.         #include <sys/types.h>        #include <sys/stat.h>        int mkfifo(const char* pathname, mode_t mode)        Description:             mkfifo() makes a FIFO special file with name pathname. mode specifies the FIFO's permissions. It is modified by the process's umack in the         usual way : the permissions of the created file are (mode &~umask).             A FILO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a different way. Instead of being an anonymous communications channel ,        a FIFO special file is entered into the filesystem calling mkfife().             mkfifo()创建一个名为 pathname 的特殊文件. mode 用来说明文件的权限. 这个权限可实际值为 mode&~umask.             除了创建的方式不一样,FIFO特殊文件和管道很类。 FIFE文件通过调用mkfifo()进入文件系统, 而不是通过匿名通道.   
                至于文件描述符的读写,就不在此赘述了!

3)信号(signal)

4)共享内存(shared memory)

        From manpages        #include <sys/mman.h>        #include <sys/stat.h>        #include <fcntl.h>        int shm_open(const char* name,  // 文件名                    int oflag,         // O_RDONLY, O_RDWR等, 和open()标志一样                    mode_t mode);      // 文件访问权限, 如:0755            Return: 成功,则返回文件描述符; 失败, 返回-1.        void *mmap(void* addr,     // 共享内存起始地址                    size_t length,  // 共享内存长度,字节为单位                   int prot,       // PROT_EXEC 可执行, PROT_READ 可读, PROT_WRITE 可写, PROT_NONE not be accessed                     int flags,      // MAP_SHARED | MAP_PRIVATE 一般设为MAP_SHARED                    int fd,         // shm_open返回的文件描述符                   off_t offset);  // 偏移                int munmap(void* addr, size_t length);       int shm_unlink(const char* name);        Link with -lrt

5)socketpair

        From manpages        #include <sys/types.h>        #include <sys/socket.h>        int socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int sv[2])        Description:             The socketpair() call creates an unnamed pair of connected sockets in the specified domain, of the specified type, and using the optionally         specified protocol.             socketpair()调用创建一个匿名的,面向连接的socket,通过 domain, type, protocol等参数来说明. 

6)socket

通信方式的比较:

1)数据量较大,可以用普通文本文件( 效率低 )和共享内存( 效率高 )实现进程间通信;

2)所有的方式都能在无亲缘关系的进程间通信,socket可以实现不同主机间的进程通信;

3)管道是以半双工的方式工作(可以通过两个管道模拟全双工),socketpair是以全双工的方式工作;

举例:

1)匿名管道(模拟全双工)

ipc_unnamed_pipe.c------------2016-11-22 20:00---------------------------------                 ---Modified--2016-11-23 09:00---------------------------------        #include <stdio.h>        #include <stdlib.h>        #include <unistd.h>        #include <string.h>       int main(int argc, char* argv[])       {                  int  fd_first[2], fd_second[2];            if( !(pipe(fd_first) && pipe(fd_second)) ){                 perror("pipe");                 return -1;           }            pid_t pid = fork();            if(pid == 0){          // Child process                 close(fd_first[0]);    close(fd_second[1]);                 char msg[128] = "Hi, parent peocess ...";                 write(fd_first[1], msg, strlen(msg) + 1);                 memset(msg, 0, sizeof(msg));                 read(fd_second[0], msg, sizeof(msg));                 printf("Message from Parent : %s\n", msg);            }else{               // Parent process                 close(fd_first[1]);    close(fd_second[0]);                 char msg[128] = {0};                 read(fd_first[0], msg, sizeof(msg));                 printf("Message from Child : %s\n", msg);                          memset(msg, 0, sizeof(msg));                 strcpy(msg, "Hi, Child ...");                 write(fd_second[1], msg, strlen(msg));                 wait(NULL);            }            return 0;       }

2)有名管道

         

  ipc_fifo_write.c ---------2016-11-23 09:00-----------------------------------------------------       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdlib.h>       #include <sys/types.h>       #include <sys/stat.h>              int main()       {             int ret = mkfifo("filename.ff", 0755);             if(ret != 0){                 perror("mkfifo");                 exit(-1);             }             int fd = open("filename.ff", O_WRONLY);             if(fd == -1){                 perror("open");                 exit(-1);             }             char msg[128] = "Hello world!";             ret = write(fd, msg, strlen(msg) + 1);  // Write to fifo.             if(ret < 0){                 perror("write");             }                           close(fd);             return 0;       } ipc_fifo_read.c -------2016-11-23 09:00------------------------------------------------------------       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdlib.h>              int main()       {            int fd = open("filename.ff", O_RDONLY);            if(fd == -1){                 perror("open");                 exit(-1);            }                        char msg[128] = {0};            int ret = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg));            if(ret > 0){                  printf("Message from FIFO : %s\n", msg);            }            perror("read");            close(fd);            return 0;       }


3)共享内存

           匿名共享内存:

 ipc_unnamed_shm.c------2016-11-22 20:00------------------------------------------       #include <sys/mman.h>       #include <sys/stat.h>       #include <fcntl.h>       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdlib.h>       #include <fcntl.h>              int main()       {           void* shm = mmap(NULL, 1024, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANOYMOUS, -1,0);           if(shm == MAP_FAILED){                perror("mmap");                return 0;           }                       pid_t pid = fork();           if(pid == 0){                *(int*)shm = 100;           }else{                sleep(1);                printf("From parent : %d\n", *(int*)shm);                  wait(NULL);           }           munmap(shm, 1024);           return 0;       } 
              有名共享内存

 ipc_shm.c------2016-11-22 20:00-----------------------------------------            #include <sys/mman.h>       #include <sys/stat.h>       #include <fcntl.h>       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdlib.h>       #include <fcntl.h>       int main()       {           int fd = shm_open("/test.shm", O_RDWR, 0755);           if(fd < 0){               fd = shm_open("/test.shm", O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0755);               if(fd < 0){                   perror("shm_open");                   return -1;               }                ftruncate(fd, 4096);           }                      char* shm = (char*)mmap(NULL, 1024, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);           pid_t pid = fork();           if(pid == 0){               strcmp(shm, "Hello world\n");           }else{               sleep(1);               printf("From shared memory : %s\n", shm);               wait(NULL);           }           munmap(shm);           return 0;       } 
              把子进程的代码写在另一个.c文件里,就可以实现无亲缘关系进程间的通信。

 4)socketpair

                 

 ipc_socketpair.c-----2016-11-23 09:00---------------------------------------------------------       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdlib.h>       #include <sys/socket.h>       #include <sys/types.h>       #include <unistd.h>       int main()      {            int fd[2];            int ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0,fd);            if(ret != 0){                  perror("socketpair");                  return -1;            }                        pid_t pid = fork();            if(pid == 0){             // Child process                  close(fd[1]);                             int val = 0;                  while(1){                        sleep(1);                        ++val;                                                 write(fd[0], &val, sizeof(val));                        read(fd[0], &val, sizeof(val));                        printf("Child : %d\n", val);                  }            }else{                  // Parent process                   close(fd[0]);                   int val;                   while(1){                         read(fd[1], &val, sizeof(val));                         printf("Parent : %d\n", val);                         ++val;                         write(fd[1], &val, sizeof(val));                   }            }            return 0;     }

       

            第一次写 ... .... 好累。如果有什么地方不正确,或者有歧义,还望各位批评指正,以便"作者"尽快更正, 避免误导更多人。 谢谢!

            以后再跟吧!

-------------- Created at   : 2016-11-22 20:00

-------------- Author          : Monk

-------------- Description :

-------------- Modified      : 2016-11-23 09:00    Implemetations of  ipc_socketpair.c

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