整理Runntime相关

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一、概述

      1. Runtime类封装了运行时的环境。Runntime类允许Java应用程序在他们运行时可以跟运行的环境交互。

      2. 一个Java 应用程序  只有 一个 Runtime 类实例。

      3. Java应用程序不能实例化Runtime对象,但可以通过 getRuntime 方法获取单例的Runtime对象。

      4. 一旦得到了一个当前的Runtime对象的引用,就可以调用Runtime对象的方法去控制Java虚拟机的状态和行为。 

      5. 当Applet和其他不被信任的代码调用任何Runtime方法时,常常会引起SecurityException异常。

二、API预览
Public MethodsvoidaddShutdownHook(Thread hook)

Registers a VM shutdown hook.
intavailableProcessors()
Returns the number of processor cores available to the VM, at least 1.
Processexec(String[] progArray, String[] envp)
Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native process.
Processexec(String prog, String[] envp, File directory)
Executes the specified program in a separate native process.
Processexec(String[] progArray, String[] envp, File directory)
Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native process.
Processexec(String prog, String[] envp)
Executes the specified program in a separate native process.
Processexec(String prog)
Executes the specified program in a separate native process.
Processexec(String[] progArray)
Executes the specified command and its arguments in a separate native process.
voidexit(int code)
Causes the VM to stop running and the program to exit.
longfreeMemory()
Returns the number of bytes currently available on the heap without expanding the heap.
voidgc()
Indicates to the VM that it would be a good time to run the garbage collector.
InputStreamgetLocalizedInputStream(InputStream stream)
This method was deprecated in API level 1. Use InputStreamReader instead.
OutputStreamgetLocalizedOutputStream(OutputStream stream)
This method was deprecated in API level 1. Use OutputStreamWriter instead.
static RuntimegetRuntime()
Returns the single Runtime instance for the current application.
voidhalt(int code)
Causes the VM to stop running, and the program to exit with the given return code.
voidload(String absolutePath)
Loads the shared library found at the given absolute path.
voidloadLibrary(String nickname)
Loads a shared library.
longmaxMemory()
Returns the maximum number of bytes the heap can expand to.
booleanremoveShutdownHook(Thread hook)
Unregisters a previously registered VM shutdown hook.
voidrunFinalization()
Provides a hint to the runtime that it would be useful to attempt to perform any outstanding object finalization.
static voidrunFinalizersOnExit(boolean run)
This method was deprecated in API level 1. This method is unsafe.
longtotalMemory()
Returns the number of bytes taken by the heap at its current size.
voidtraceInstructions(boolean enable)
Switches the output of debug information for instructions on or off.
voidtraceMethodCalls(boolean enable)
Switches the output of debug information for methods on or off.

三、常见的应用

1、内存管理:
Java提供了无用单元自动收集机制。通过totalMemory()和freeMemory()方法可以知道对象的堆内存有多大,还剩多少。
Java会周期性的回收垃圾对象(未使用的对象),以便释放内存空间。但是如果想先于收集器的下一次指定周期来收集废弃的对象,可以通过调用gc()方法来根据需要运行无用单元收集器。一个很好的试验方法是先调用gc()方法,然后调用freeMemory()方法来查看基本的内存使用情况,接着执行代码,然后再次调用freeMemory()方法看看分配了多少内存。下面的程序演示了这个构想。
//此实例来自《java核心技术》卷一
class MemoryDemo{         public static void main(String args[]){                 Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();                 long mem1,mem2;                 Integer someints[] = new Integer[1000];                 System.out.println("Total memory is :" + r.totalMemory());                 mem1 = r.freeMemory();                 System.out.println("Initial free is : " + mem1);                 r.gc();                 mem1 = r.freeMemory();                 System.out.println("Free memory after garbage collection : " + mem1);                 //allocate integers                 for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) someints[i] = new Integer(i);                    mem2 = r.freeMemory();                 System.out.println("Free memory after allocation : " + mem2);                 System.out.println("Memory used by allocation : " +(mem1-mem2));                    //discard Intergers                 for(int i=0; i<1000; i++) someints[i] = null;                 r.gc(); //request garbage collection                 mem2 = r.freeMemory();                 System.out.println("Free memory after collecting " + "discarded integers : " + mem2);         } }
编译后运行结果如下(不同的机器不同时间运行的结果也不一定一样):
Total memory is :2031616
Initial free is : 1818488
Free memory after garbage collection : 1888808
Free memory after allocation : 1872224
Memory used by allocation : 16584
Free memory after collecting discarded integers : 1888808

2、执行其他程序

在安全的环境中,可以在多任务操作系统中使用Java去执行其他特别大的进程(也就是程序)。ecec()方法有几种形式命名想要运行的程序和它的输入参数。ecec()方法返回一个Process对象,可以使用这个对象控制Java程序与新运行的进程进行交互。ecec()方法本质是依赖于环境。
下面的例子是使用ecec()方法启动windows的记事本notepad。这个例子必须在Windows操作系统上运行。
//此实例来自《Java核心技术》卷一
class ExecDemo {         public static void main(String args[]){                 Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();                 Process p = null;                 try{                         p = r.exec("notepad");                 } catch (Exception e) {                         System.out.println("Error executing notepad.");                 }         } }


ecec()还有其他几种形式,例子中演示的是最常用的一种。ecec()方法返回Process对象后,在新程序开始运行后就可以使用Process的方法了。可以用destory()方法杀死子进程,也可以使用waitFor()方法等待程序直到子程序结束,exitValue()方法返回子进程结束时返回的值。如果没有错误,将返回0,否则返回非0。
下面是关于ecec()方法的例子的改进版本。例子被修改为等待,直到运行的进程退出:
//此实例来自《Java核心技术》卷一
class ExecDemoFini {    public static void main(String args[]){        Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();        Process p = null;        try{            p = r.exec("notepad");            p.waitFor();        } catch (Exception e) {            System.out.println("Error executing notepad.");        }        System.out.println("Notepad returned " + p.exitValue());    }}


下面是运行的结果(当关闭记事本后,会接着运行程序,打印信息):
Notepad returned 0
请按任意键继续...

当子进程正在运行时,可以对标准输入输出进行读写。getOutputStream()方法和getInPutStream()方法返回对子进程的标准输入和输出。

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