selenium之 浏览器导航栏的三个按钮(back、forward、refresh)

今天这几个方法非常简单，就是我们能看到的浏览器导航栏的三个按钮：后退、前进、刷新

driver.back() 
driver.forward() 
driver.refresh()

不多说，上代码试试

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from selenium import webdriverfrom time import sleepdriver = webdriver.Firefox()driver.maximize_window()driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')print 'base_url: ', driver.current_urldriver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys(u'selenium 灰蓝')driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()sleep(2)print 'after search: ', driver.current_urldriver.back()  # backprint 'back to: ', driver.current_urldriver.forward()  # forwardprint 'forward to: ', driver.current_urlsleep(2)driver.refresh()  # refreshprint 'refresh: ', driver.current_urlsleep(2)driver.quit()
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结果： 
明显能够看到浏览器的后退、前进与刷新的动作。

https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=selenium%20%E7%81%B0%E8%93%9D&rsv_pq=f88ee279000319b4&rsv_t=3537ECuJsvn8biOOxAemTJhRgJA9fRB%2FgYyaBy3sdcQagRhU5jOqEDICoQI&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=0&rsv_sug3=11&inputT=266&rsv_sug4=266https://www.baidu.com/https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=selenium%20%E7%81%B0%E8%93%9D&rsv_pq=f88ee279000319b4&rsv_t=3537ECuJsvn8biOOxAemTJhRgJA9fRB%2FgYyaBy3sdcQagRhU5jOqEDICoQI&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=0&rsv_sug3=11&inputT=266&rsv_sug4=266https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=selenium%20%E7%81%B0%E8%93%9D&rsv_pq=f88ee279000319b4&rsv_t=3537ECuJsvn8biOOxAemTJhRgJA9fRB%2FgYyaBy3sdcQagRhU5jOqEDICoQI&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=0&rsv_sug3=11&inputT=266&rsv_sug4=266
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那么什么时候会用呢？

一种情况就是，当你从一个父页面跳转到子页面进行操作，操作完之后没有“返回”之类的按钮或链接，重新进入父页面又很麻烦，back()可以帮你。forward()与此类似，相对没有back()那么常用。

当你修改了页面信息但是没有即时刷新时，可以手动refresh()。

不过需要注意：

当你前进并退回原来的页面或刷新页面之后，页面的元素id是改变了的。不要妄图用原来定位好的WebElement去操作现在的页面元素！否则会出现如下报错： 
selenium.common.exceptions.StaleElementReferenceException: Message: Element not found in the cache - perhaps the page has changed since it was looked up

代码示例下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-from selenium import webdriverdriver = webdriver.Firefox()driver.maximize_window()driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')kw = driver.find_element_by_id('kw')print kw  # 原页面元素IDdriver.refresh()print driver.find_element_by_id('kw')  # 刷新之后的kw元素IDkw.send_keys('csdn')  # 再用原来的元素ID去操作就会抛出异常driver.quit()
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来看看输出结果：

<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="19a16be7-f885-4454-aa44-065b35d8377f", element="{307bfd7c-bcb8-4bed-a0f0-164924e9f648}")><selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="19a16be7-f885-4454-aa44-065b35d8377f", element="{8eac4fb5-4c8f-4141-b9d5-2ced9b412388}")>Traceback (most recent call last):  File "D:/Code/py files/zhigou/zhigou_framework/test/UI_test/case/testnavigation.py", line 16, in <module>    kw.send_keys('csdn')  # 再用原来的元素ID去操作就会抛出异常  File "C:\APP\Python2.7.10\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webelement.py", line 334, in send_keys    self._execute(Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT, {'value': typing})  File "C:\APP\Python2.7.10\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webelement.py", line 469, in _execute    return self._parent.execute(command, params)  File "C:\APP\Python2.7.10\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py", line 201, in execute    self.error_handler.check_response(response)  File "C:\APP\Python2.7.10\lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\errorhandler.py", line 194, in check_response    raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)selenium.common.exceptions.StaleElementReferenceException: Message: Element not found in the cache - perhaps the page has changed since it was looked upStacktrace:    at fxdriver.cache.getElementAt (resource://fxdriver/modules/web-element-cache.js:9407)    at Utils.getElementAt (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:8992)    at fxdriver.preconditions.visible (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:10043)    at DelayedCommand.prototype.checkPreconditions_ (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:12597)    at DelayedCommand.prototype.executeInternal_/h (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:12614)    at DelayedCommand.prototype.executeInternal_ (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:12619)    at DelayedCommand.prototype.execute/< (file:///c:/users/zx/appdata/local/temp/tmpsorvob/extensions/[e-mail]/components/command-processor.js:12561)
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能看到两次输出的WebElement是完全不同的，还用原来的元素去操作当然是不行的：

所以在有可能有页面刷新的时候，不要用这种获取到元素，然后一直操作这个元素的写法；要在刷新之后重新获取一下元素进行操作。