Django admin的一些有用定制

Model实例,myapp/models.py：

from django.db import modelsclass Blog(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=100)tagline = models.TextField() # On Python 3: def __str__(self):def __unicode__(self):return self.name class Author(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=50)email = models.EmailField() # On Python 3: def __str__(self):def __unicode__(self):return self.name class Entry(models.Model):blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)headline = models.CharField(max_length=255)body_text = models.TextField()pub_date = models.DateField()mod_date = models.DateField()authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)n_comments = models.IntegerField()n_pingbacks = models.IntegerField()rating = models.IntegerField() # On Python 3: def __str__(self):def __unicode__(self):return self.headline

类级别权限

默认情况下，superuser可以访问admin界面的所有Model，但有时候只想让一些用户只能访问一些特定的Model。

可以定制自己的User对象的has_perm()方法：

class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):...def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):if self.is_superuser:return Trueelif self.can_edit:if perm=='myapp.add_entry':return Trueelse:return Falseelse:return False

这样superuser具有全部权限。普通user的can_edit属性为True时，就具有了创建Entry实例的权限，其余用户无权限。

也可以定制ModelAdmin的has_add_permission(),has_change_permission(),has_delete_permission()方法：

def has_add_permission(self, request):"""Returns True if the given request has permission to add an object.Can be overridden by the user in subclasses."""opts = self.optscodename = get_permission_codename('add', opts)if request.user.can_edit:    return Trueelse:    return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))

字段级别的权限

不同权限的可以编辑不同的内容，可以通过get_readonly_fileds()来添加字段只读权限。

class EntryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display=(...)search_fields=(...)def get_readonly_fields(self,request,obj=None):if not request.user.is_superuser and not request.user.can_edit:return [f.name for f in self.model._meta.fields]return self.readonly_fields

重写Model的save行为

可以直接重写model的save()方法：

from django.db import modelsclass Blog(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=100)tagline = models.TextField()def save(self, *args, **kwargs):do_something()super(Blog, self).save(*args, **kwargs) # Call the "real" save() method.do_something_else()

阻止save()：

from django.db import modelsclass Blog(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=100)tagline = models.TextField()def save(self, *args, **kwargs):if self.name == "Yoko Ono's blog":return # Yoko shall never have her own blog!else:super(Blog, self).save(*args, **kwargs) # Call the "real" save() method.

也可以重写ModelAdmin的save_model()方法，根据不同的用户定制不同的save行为：

from django.contrib import adminclass ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):        obj.user = request.user        obj.save()

其中obj是修改后的对象，当新建一个对象时 change = False, 当修改一个对象时 change = True，可以获得修改前的对象：

from django.contrib import adminclass ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):if change:obj_old = self.model.objects.get(pk=obj.pk)else:obj_old = Noneobj.user = request.userobj.save()

不同的用户显示不同的数据行，重写列表页面返回的查询集

ModelAdmin 提供了一个钩子程序 —— 它有一个名为 queryset() 的方法，该方法可以确定任何列表页面返回的默认查询集。

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    def get_queryset(self, request):        qs = super(MyModelAdmin, self).get_queryset(request)        if request.user.is_superuser:            return qs        return qs.filter(author=request.user)

定制过滤器list_filter

从django.contrib.admin.SimpleListFilter继承一个子类，提供title和parameter_name属性，并重写 lookups和queryset方法。

from datetime import datefrom django.contrib import adminfrom django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _class DecadeBornListFilter(admin.SimpleListFilter):# Human-readable title which will be displayed in the# right admin sidebar just above the filter options.title = _('decade born')# Parameter for the filter that will be used in the URL query.parameter_name = 'decade'def lookups(self, request, model_admin):"""Returns a list of tuples. The first element in eachtuple is the coded value for the option that willappear in the URL query. The second element is thehuman-readable name for the option that will appearin the right sidebar."""return (('80s', _('in the eighties')),('90s', _('in the nineties')),)def queryset(self, request, queryset):"""Returns the filtered queryset based on the valueprovided in the query string and retrievable via`self.value()`."""# Compare the requested value (either '80s' or '90s')# to decide how to filter the queryset.if self.value() == '80s':return queryset.filter(birthday__gte=date(1980, 1, 1),birthday__lte=date(1989, 12, 31))if self.value() == '90s':return queryset.filter(birthday__gte=date(1990, 1, 1),birthday__lte=date(1999, 12, 31))class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_filter = (DecadeBornListFilter,)

parameter_name和title是必须的。look_up方法返回出现在列表页右侧过滤器中的选项和描述。parameter_name为附加在url后面get请求的参数名，self.value()返回该参数对应的值。

根据不同的用户定制：

class AuthDecadeBornListFilter(DecadeBornListFilter):def lookups(self, request, model_admin):if request.user.is_superuser:return super(AuthDecadeBornListFilter,self).lookups(request, model_admin)def queryset(self, request, queryset):if request.user.is_superuser:return super(AuthDecadeBornListFilter,self).queryset(request, queryset)

model_admin为ModelAdmin实例：

class AdvancedDecadeBornListFilter(DecadeBornListFilter):def lookups(self, request, model_admin):"""Only show the lookups if there actually isanyone born in the corresponding decades."""qs = model_admin.get_queryset(request)if qs.filter(birthday__gte=date(1980, 1, 1),  birthday__lte=date(1989, 12, 31)).exists():yield ('80s', _('in the eighties'))if qs.filter(birthday__gte=date(1990, 1, 1),  birthday__lte=date(1999, 12, 31)).exists():yield ('90s', _('in the nineties'))

定制搜索功能

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ('name', 'age')search_fields = ('name',)def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):queryset, use_distinct = super(PersonAdmin, self).get_search_results(request, queryset, search_term)try:search_term_as_int = int(search_term)except ValueError:passelse:queryset |= self.model.objects.filter(age=search_term_as_int)return queryset, use_distinct

queryset是查询集，search_term是搜索词。

外键字段过滤

在添加对象时显示外键选项时，太多的选项不太友好，这时候需要过滤出符合要求的对象供选择。

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):    def formfield_for_foreignkey(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):        if db_field.name == "car":            kwargs["queryset"] = Car.objects.filter(owner=request.user)        return super(MyModelAdmin, self).formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, req