《C++ Primer Plus(第六版)》(37)(第十六章 string类和标准模板库 编程练习和答案2)

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16.10 编程练习

6.使用STL queue模板类而不是第12章的Queue类,重新编写程序清单12.12所示的示例。

程序清单12.12:

Test.h

//  //  Test.h  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/21.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #ifndef _Test_H_  #define _Test_H_  #include <iostream>  using namespace std;namespace FableGame{class Customer{private:long arrive;//到达的时间  int processtime;//处理业务的时间  public:Customer() { arrive = processtime = 0; }void set(long when);long when() const { return arrive; }int ptime() const { return processtime; }};typedef Customer Item;class Queue{private:struct Node{Item item;struct Node * next;};enum{ Q_SIZE = 10 };Node* front;Node* rear;int items;const int qsize;Queue(const Queue& q) :qsize(0) {}Queue& operator=(const Queue& q) { return *this; }public:Queue(int qs = Q_SIZE);~Queue();bool isempty() const;bool isfull()const;int queuecount() const;bool enqueue(const Item& item);bool dequeue(Item& item);};}#endif  
Test.cpp

//  //  Test.cpp  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/21.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #include "Test.h"  #include <iostream>  #include <cstdlib>  using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;Queue::Queue(int qs) : qsize(qs){front = rear = nullptr;items = 0;}Queue::~Queue(){Node * temp;while (front != nullptr) {temp = front;front = front->next;delete temp;}}bool Queue::isempty()const{return items == 0;}bool Queue::isfull() const{return items == qsize;}int Queue::queuecount()const{return items;}bool Queue::enqueue(const Item &item){if (isfull()) {return false;}Node* add = new Node;add->item = item;add->next = nullptr;items++;if (front == nullptr) {front = add;}else{rear->next = add;}rear = add;return true;}bool Queue::dequeue(Item &item){if (front == nullptr) {return false;}item = front->item;items--;Node* temp = front;front = front->next;delete temp;if (items == 0) {rear = nullptr;}return true;}void Customer::set(long when){processtime = std::rand() % 3 + 1;arrive = when;}
main.cpp

#include <iostream>       #include "Test.h"    #include <cstdlib>  #include <ctime>  using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;const int MIN_PER_HR = 60;//每小时的分钟数  bool newcustomer(double x);int main(int argc, const char * argv[]){srand((int)time(0));//随机数种子  cout << "Case Study: Bank of Heather Automatic Teller\n";cout << "Enter maximum size of queue: ";int qs;//队列最大长度  cin >> qs;Queue line(qs);cout << "Enter the number of simulation hours: ";int hours;//模拟的小时数  cin >> hours;int cyclelimit = MIN_PER_HR * hours;//总分钟数限制  cout << "Enter the average number of customers per hour: ";double perhour;//每小时接收的客人  cin >> perhour;double min_per_cust = MIN_PER_HR / perhour;Item temp;int turnaways = 0;//来了没处理就离开的人  int customers = 0;//客户数  int served = 0;//已经服务过的客户数  int sum_line = 0;//队列总长度  int wait_time = 0;//正在处理业务时间  int line_wait = 0;//总的等待时间  for (int cycle = 0; cycle < cyclelimit; ++cycle){if (newcustomer(min_per_cust)){//有客户来了  if (line.isfull()){turnaways++;//队伍满了,离开  }else{customers++; //增加客户  temp.set(cycle);line.enqueue(temp);//加入队列  }}if (wait_time <= 0 && !line.isempty()){line.dequeue(temp);//处理客户  wait_time = temp.ptime();line_wait += cycle - temp.when();//等待时间  served++;//服务的客户加1  }if (wait_time > 0){wait_time--;//每分钟减1  }sum_line += line.queuecount();//这分钟正在等待的人数  }if (customers > 0){cout << "customers accepted: " << customers << endl;cout << "customers served: " << served << endl;cout << "turnsways: " << turnaways << endl;cout << "average queue size: ";cout.precision(2);cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);cout << (double)sum_line / cyclelimit << endl;cout << "average wait time: " << (double)line_wait / served << " minutes\n";}else{cout << "No customers!\n";}cout << "Done!\n";return 0;}//判断客户是否到来  bool newcustomer(double x){return (rand() * x / RAND_MAX < 1);}
修改后的:

Test.h

//  //  Test.h  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/21.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #ifndef _Test_H_  #define _Test_H_  #include <iostream>  using namespace std;namespace FableGame{class Customer{private:long arrive;//到达的时间  int processtime;//处理业务的时间  public:Customer() { arrive = processtime = 0; }void set(long when);long when() const { return arrive; }int ptime() const { return processtime; }}; }#endif  
Test.cpp

//  //  Test.cpp  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/21.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #include "Test.h"  #include <iostream>  #include <cstdlib>  using namespace std;using namespace FableGame; void Customer::set(long when){processtime = std::rand() % 3 + 1;arrive = when;}
main.cpp

#include <iostream>       #include "Test.h"    #include <cstdlib>  #include <ctime>  #include <queue>using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;const int MIN_PER_HR = 60;//每小时的分钟数  bool newcustomer(double x);int main(int argc, const char * argv[]){srand((int)time(0));//随机数种子  cout << "Case Study: Bank of Heather Automatic Teller\n";cout << "Enter maximum size of queue: ";size_t qs;//队列最大长度  cin >> qs;queue<Customer> line; cout << "Enter the number of simulation hours: ";int hours;//模拟的小时数  cin >> hours;int cyclelimit = MIN_PER_HR * hours;//总分钟数限制  cout << "Enter the average number of customers per hour: ";double perhour;//每小时接收的客人  cin >> perhour;double min_per_cust = MIN_PER_HR / perhour;Customer temp;int turnaways = 0;//来了没处理就离开的人  int customers = 0;//客户数  int served = 0;//已经服务过的客户数  size_t sum_line = 0;//队列总长度  int wait_time = 0;//正在处理业务时间  int line_wait = 0;//总的等待时间  for (int cycle = 0; cycle < cyclelimit; ++cycle){if (newcustomer(min_per_cust)){//有客户来了  if (line.size() >= qs){turnaways++;//队伍满了,离开  }else{customers++; //增加客户  temp.set(cycle);line.push(temp);//加入队列  }}if (wait_time <= 0 && !line.empty()){temp = line.front();line.pop();//处理客户  wait_time = temp.ptime();line_wait += cycle - temp.when();//等待时间  served++;//服务的客户加1  }if (wait_time > 0){wait_time--;//每分钟减1  }sum_line += line.size();//这分钟正在等待的人数  }if (customers > 0){cout << "customers accepted: " << customers << endl;cout << "customers served: " << served << endl;cout << "turnsways: " << turnaways << endl;cout << "average queue size: ";cout.precision(2);cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);cout << (double)sum_line / cyclelimit << endl;cout << "average wait time: " << (double)line_wait / served << " minutes\n";}else{cout << "No customers!\n";}cout << "Done!\n";return 0;}//判断客户是否到来  bool newcustomer(double x){return (rand() * x / RAND_MAX < 1);}

7.彩票卡是一个常见的游戏。卡片上是带编号的圆点,其中一些圆点被随机选中。编写一个lotto()函数,它接受两个参数。第一个参数是彩票卡上圆点的个数,第二个参数是随机选择的圆点个数。该函数返回一个vector<int> 对象,其中包含(安排列后的顺序)随机选择的号码。例如,可以这样使用该函数:

vector<int > winners;

winners = lotto(51, 6);

这样将一个矢量赋给winner,该矢量包含1~51中随机选定的6歌数字。注意,仅仅使用rand()无法完成这项任务,因它会生成重复的值。提示:让函数创建一个包含所有可能值的矢量,使用random_shuffle(),然后通过打乱后的矢量的第一个值来获取值。编写一个小程序来测试这个函数。

#include <iostream>       #include "Test.h"     #include <ctime>  #include <vector>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;using namespace FableGame; vector<int> lotto(int x, int y){vector<int> a;for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++){a.push_back(i);}random_shuffle(a.begin(), a.end());a.resize(y);return a;}int main(int argc, const char * argv[]){srand((int)time(0));//随机数种子  vector<int> a = lotto(51, 6);for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++){cout << a[i] << " ";}cout << endl;return 0;}  
这个题目说的有点不清不楚。

8.Mat和Pat希望邀请他们的朋友参加派对。他们要编写一个程序完成下面的任务。

·让Mat输入他朋友的姓名列表。姓名存储在一个容器中,然后按排列后的顺序显示出来。

·让Pat输入她朋友的姓名列表。姓名存储在另一个容器中,然后按排列后的顺序显示出来。

·创建第三个容器,将两个列表合并,删除重复的部分,并显示这个容器的内容。

#include <iostream>       #include "Test.h"     #include <ctime>  #include <set>#include <algorithm>#include <string>using namespace std;using namespace FableGame; int main(int argc, const char * argv[]){set<string> friends1;set<string> friends2;string str;cout << "enter Mat's friend name(q to quit):" << endl;while (cin && getline(cin, str)){if (str == "q"){break;}friends1.insert(str);}cout << "enter Pat's friend name(q to quit):"<< endl;while (cin && getline(cin, str)){if (str == "q"){break;}friends2.insert(str);}set<string> friend3;friend3.insert( friends1.begin(), friends1.end());friend3.insert( friends2.begin(), friends2.end());cout << "Mat's friends: ";for(string s: friends1){cout << s << " ";}cout << endl;cout << "Pat's friends: ";for (string s : friends2){cout << s << " ";}cout << endl;cout << "All friends: ";for (string s : friend3){cout << s << " ";}cout << endl;return 0;}

9.相对于数组,在链表中添加和删除元素更容易,但排序速度更慢。这就引出了一个可能性:相对于使用链表算法进行排序,将链表复制到数组中,对数组进行排序,再将排序后的结果复制到链表中的速度可能更快;但这也可能占用了更多的内存。请使用如下方法检验上述假设。

a.创建大型vector<int>对象vi0,并使用rand()给它提供初始值。

b.创建vector<int>对象vi和list<int>对象li,他们的长度都和初始值与vi0相同。

c.计算使用STL算法sort()对vi进行排序所需的时间,再计算使用list的方法sort()对li进行排序所需的时间。

d.将li重置为排序的vi0的内容,并计算执行如下操作所需的时间:将li的内容复制到vi中,对vi进行排序,并将结果复制到li中。

要计算这些操作所需的时间,可使用ctime库中的clock()。正如程序清单5.14演示的,可使用下面的语句来获取开始时间:

clock_t start= clock();

再再操作结果后使用下面的语句获取经过了多长时间:

clock_t end = clock();

cout << (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;

这种测试并非绝对可靠,因为结果取决于很多因素,如可用内存量、是否支持多处理以及数组(列表)的长度(随着要排序的元素数增加,数组对于列表的效率将更明显)。另外,如果编译器提供了默认生成方式和发布生成方式,请使用发布生成方式。鉴于当今计算机的速度非常快,要获取有意义的结果,可能需要使用尽可能大的数组。例如,可尝试包含100000、1000000和10000000个元素。

#include <iostream>       #include "Test.h"     #include <ctime>  #include <vector>#include <algorithm>#include <list>#include <iterator>using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;const int num = 1000000;int main(int argc, const char * argv[]){vector<int> vi0;vector<int> vi;list<int> li;srand(int(time(nullptr))); for (int i = 0; i < num; i++){int temp = rand() * rand();vi0.push_back(temp);vi.push_back(temp);li.push_back(temp);}{ time_t t1 = time(nullptr);cout << "sort vi, begin time: " << t1 << endl;sort(vi.begin(), vi.end());time_t t2 = time(nullptr);cout << "sort vi, end time: " << t2 << " use " << t2 - t1 << " seconds" << endl;}{time_t t1 = time(nullptr);cout << "sort li, begin time: " << t1 << endl;li.sort();time_t t2 = time(nullptr);cout << "sort li, end time: " << t2 << " use " << t2 - t1 << " seconds" << endl;}{li.clear();copy(vi0.begin(), vi0.end(), std::back_inserter(li));vi0.clear();time_t t1 = time(nullptr);cout << "li to vector, sort, begin time: " << t1 << endl;copy(li.begin(), li.end(), std::back_inserter(vi0));//复制到vectorsort(vi.begin(), vi.end());//排序li.clear();copy(vi0.begin(), vi0.end(), std::back_inserter(li));//再复制回来time_t t2 = time(nullptr);cout << "li to vector, sort, end time: " << t2 << " use " << t2 - t1 << " seconds" << endl;}return 0;}  
直接使用time了,不用他们的clock。

好像真的是转成vector快很多,如果足够大的数组。
不过除了消耗内存,转换成vector,然后再转回来,也是有消耗时间的。


vector排序只用了5秒,

list排序用了97秒,

通过list复制到vector,排序,再复制回来,用了61秒。证明其中用在复制的时间是50多秒。


10.请按如下方式修改程序清单16.9(vect3.cpp)。

a.在结构Review中添加成员price。

b.不使用vector<Review>来存储输入,而使用vector<shared_ptr<Review>>。别忘了,必须使用new返回的指针来初始化shared_ptr。

c. 在输入阶段结束后,使用一个循环让用户选择如下方式之一显示书籍:按原始顺序显示、按字母表顺序显示、按评级升序显示、按评级降序显示、按价格升序显示、按价格降序显示、退出。

下面是一种可能的解决方案:获取输入后,在创建一个shared_ptr矢量,并用原始数组初始化它。定义一个队指向结构的指针进行比较的operator<()函数,并使用它对第二个矢量进行排序,让其中的shared_ptr按其指向的对象中的书名排序。重复上述过程,创建按rating和price排序的shared_ptr矢量。请注意,通过使用rbegin()和end(),可避免创建按相反的顺序排序的share_ptr矢量。

先看看原来的代码先:程序清单16.9

//  //  main.cpp  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/30.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #include <iostream>  #include <string>  #include <list>  #include <vector>  #include <algorithm>  #include "Test.h"  using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;struct Review{string title;int rating;};bool operator<(const Review& r1, const Review& r2);bool worseThan(const Review& r1, const Review& r2);bool fillReview(Review& rr);void showReview(const Review& rr);int main(){vector<Review> books;Review temp;while (fillReview(temp)){books.push_back(temp);}if (books.size() > 0) {cout << "Thank you. You entered the following " << books.size() << " ratings:\n" << "Rating\tBook\n";for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), showReview);sort(books.begin(), books.end());  cout << "Sorted by title:\nRating\tBook\n";for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), showReview);sort(books.begin(), books.end(), worseThan);cout << "Sorted by rating:\nRating\tBook\n";for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), showReview);random_shuffle(books.begin(), books.end()); cout << "After shuffling:\nRating\tBook\n";for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), showReview);}else{cout << "No entries.";}cout << "bye.\n";return 0;}bool operator<(const Review& r1, const Review& r2){if (r1.title < r2.title) {return true;}else if (r1.title == r2.title && r1.rating < r2.rating){return true;}else{return false;}}bool worseThan(const Review& r1, const Review& r2){if (r1.rating < r2.rating) {return true;}else{return false;}}bool fillReview(Review& rr){cout << "Enter book title (quit to quit): ";getline(cin, rr.title);if (rr.title == "quit" || rr.title == "q") {return false;}cout << "Enter book rating: ";cin >> rr.rating;if (!cin) {return false;}while (cin.get() != '\n') {continue;}return true;}void showReview(const Review& rr){cout << rr.rating << "\t" << rr.title << endl;}
修改:

//  //  main.cpp  //  HelloWorld  //  //  Created by feiyin001 on 16/12/30.  //  Copyright (c) 2016年 FableGame. All rights reserved.  //  #include <iostream>  #include <string>  #include <list>  #include <vector>  #include <algorithm>  #include "Test.h"  #include <memory>using namespace std;using namespace FableGame;struct Review{string title;int rating;int price;};bool operator<(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2);bool worseThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2);bool betterThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2);bool cheaperThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2);bool valuerThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2);bool fillReview(Review& rr);void showReview(const shared_ptr<Review>& rr);int main(){vector<shared_ptr<Review>> books;while (true){shared_ptr<Review> temp(new Review);if (!fillReview(*temp)){break;}books.push_back(temp);}cout << "Enter show type: 0.原始顺序, 1.按字母表顺序显示," << endl<<"2.按评级升序显示, 3.按评级降序显示" << endl <<"4.按价格升序显示, 5.按价格降序显示, 6.退出" << endl;int orderType = 0;while (cin >> orderType && orderType != 6){switch (orderType){case 0:break;case 1:sort(books.begin(), books.end());break;case 2:sort(books.begin(), books.end(), worseThan);break;case 3:sort(books.begin(), books.end(), betterThan);break;case 4:sort(books.begin(), books.end(), cheaperThan);break;case 5:sort(books.begin(), books.end(), valuerThan);break; }for_each(books.begin(), books.end(), showReview);cout << "Enter show type: 0.原始顺序, 1.按字母表顺序显示," << endl <<"2.按评级升序显示, 3.按评级降序显示" << endl <<"4.按价格升序显示, 5.按价格降序显示, 6.退出" << endl;}  cout << "bye.\n";return 0;}bool operator<(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2){if (r1->title < r2->title) {return true;}else if (r1->title == r2->title && r1->rating < r2->rating){return true;}else if (r1->rating == r2->rating && r1->price < r2->price){return true;}else{return false;}}bool worseThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2){if (r1->rating < r2->rating) {return true;}else{return false;}}bool betterThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2){if (r1->rating > r2->rating) {return true;}else{return false;}}bool cheaperThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2){if (r1->price < r2->price) {return true;}else{return false;}}bool valuerThan(const shared_ptr<Review>& r1, const shared_ptr<Review>& r2){if (r1->price > r2->price) {return true;}else{return false;}}bool fillReview(Review& rr){cout << "Enter book title (quit to quit): ";getline(cin, rr.title);if (rr.title == "quit" || rr.title == "q") {return false;}cout << "Enter book rating: ";cin >> rr.rating;if (!cin) {return false;}cout << "Enter book price: ";cin >> rr.price;if (!cin) {return false;}while (cin.get() != '\n') {continue;}return true;}void showReview(const shared_ptr<Review>& rr){cout << rr->rating << "\t" << rr->title << "\t" << rr->price << endl;}








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