JSP&Servlet学习笔记----第1/2章

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HTML(HyperText Markup Language)：超文本标记语言

HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol)：超文本传输协议

URL(Uniform Resource Locator)：统一资源定位符，以文字的方式来说明因特网上的资源如何取得。

URN(Uniform Resource Name)：代表某个资源独一无二的名称，如图书的ISBN。

URI(Uniform Resource Identifier)：URL和URN是URI的子集。

一个简单的html范例程序：

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">    <title>HTML范例</title></head><body>    <form method="get" action="hello.do" name="sample">        姓名：        <input type="text" name="name">        <br />        <button>发送</button>    </form></body></html>

HTML学习资源：http://www.w3school.com.cn/html/index.asp

HTTP：指架构在TCP/IP之上应用层的一种协议。它的两个特点：

1、无状态（stateless）通信协议。（无记忆性）

2、基于请求（request）/响应（response）模型。

客户端对服务器发出一个取得资源的请求，服务器将要求的资源响应给客户端，每次的联机只作一次请求/响应，是一种很简单的通信协议，没有请求就没有响应。

在HTTP 协议下，服务器是个健忘的家伙，服务器响应客户端之后，就不会记得客户端的信息，更不会去维护与客户端有关的状态，因此HTTP又称为无状态的通信协议。

浏览器在使用http发送请求，最重要的就是GET和POST。

GET：就是向服务器取得指定的资源。

POST请求：就是请求时发布(POST)信息给服务器。

对于两者如何进行选择？

1、get方式请求参数长度是有限的，过长的或者如文件上传应该使用post请求。

2、get请求参数会出现在地址栏。

3、get请求纯粹是为了取得资源，而不改变服务器上的资源的状态。而post相反。

对于java，JVM(java virtual machine)是java程序唯一认得的操作系统，其可执行文件为.class文件。

对于JSP/Servlet，Web容器是JSP/Servlet唯一认得的http服务器。

URL编解码：

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;import java.net.URLDecoder;import java.net.URLEncoder;/** * Created by N3verL4nd on 2017/1/2. */public class HelloWorld{    public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {        System.out.println(URLEncoder.encode("http://www.baidu.com", "UTF-8"));        System.out.println(URLDecoder.decode("%3A", "UTF-8"));    }}

URL编码针对的字符是UTF-8编码的8个位数值。

对于ascii字符使用1个字节，非ascii如中文使用3个字节。

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;import java.net.URLDecoder;import java.net.URLEncoder;/** * Created by N3verL4nd on 2017/1/2. */public class HelloWorld{    public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {        System.out.println(URLEncoder.encode("我", "UTF-8"));        System.out.println(URLDecoder.decode("%E6%88%91", "UTF-8"));    }}

HTTP规范下的URL编码，并不限使用UTF-8，例如在一个BIG5网页中，若窗体使用get发送中文，则是使用BIG5编码的参数。

System.out.println(URLEncoder.encode("我", "BIG5"));

第一个Servlet程序(打印http header)：

import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.PrintWriter;import java.util.Enumeration;/** * Created by N3verL4nd on 2017/1/4. */@WebServlet(name = "testServlet",urlPatterns = {"/test.do"})public class testServlet extends HttpServlet {    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {    }    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();        out.println("<html>");        out.println("<head>");        out.println("<title>TEST</title>");        out.println("</head>");        out.println("<body>");        out.println("<h1>Hello World</h1>");        out.println("</body>");        out.println("</html>");        out.close();    }}

/test.do/Servlet/Servlet/test.do host:localhost:8080connection:keep-aliveupgrade-insecure-requests:1user-agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8accept-encoding:gzip, deflate, sdch, braccept-language:zh-CN,zh;q=0.8cookie:JSESSIONID=CDD8329D5BB881383911AC4CFAB4A159; Idea-e643fc73=b918ddfe-f8fa-43a0-b608-e1670a29b80a

@WebServlet(name = "testServlet",urlPatterns = {"/test.do"})

这表示该Servlet名称为testServlet，当请求的URL是/test.do，如http://localhost:8080/Servlet/test.do就会由testServlet处理。

HttpServletRequest

代表请求对象，封装了HTTP请求信息。

HttpServletResponse

代表对客户端的响应。

Servlet的编译(需servlet-api.jar。位于D:\Tomcat\apache-tomcat-9.0.0.M15\lib)：

一个简易的Servlet程序对应的文件目录结构如下：E:\MyDocument\Desktop\jspRun\web\WEB-INF>tree /f
文件夹 PATH 列表
卷序列号为 025427CF 32D1:7CF3
E:.
│ web.xml
│
├─classes
│ testServlet.class
│
└─lib

E:\MyDocument\Desktop\jspRun\web\WEB-INF>部署：

将web.war拷贝到webapps目录下（D:\Tomcat\apache-tomcat-9.0.0.M15\webapps ）

运行bin目录下的startup.bat

servlet、genericservlet、httpservlet之间的关系：

package javax.servlet;import java.io.IOException;public interface Servlet {    public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException;    public ServletConfig getServletConfig();    public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)            throws ServletException, IOException;    public String getServletInfo();    public void destroy();}

package javax.servlet;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.Enumeration;public abstract class GenericServlet implements Servlet, ServletConfig,        java.io.Serializable {    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;    private transient ServletConfig config;    public GenericServlet() {        // NOOP    }    @Override    public void destroy() {        // NOOP by default    }    @Override    public String getInitParameter(String name) {        return getServletConfig().getInitParameter(name);    }    @Override    public Enumeration<String> getInitParameterNames() {        return getServletConfig().getInitParameterNames();    }    @Override    public ServletConfig getServletConfig() {        return config;    }    @Override    public ServletContext getServletContext() {        return getServletConfig().getServletContext();    }    @Override    public String getServletInfo() {        return "";    }    @Override    public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {        this.config = config;        this.init();    }    public void init() throws ServletException {        // NOOP by default    }    public void log(String msg) {        getServletContext().log(getServletName() + ": " + msg);    }    public void log(String message, Throwable t) {        getServletContext().log(getServletName() + ": " + message, t);    }    @Override    public abstract void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)            throws ServletException, IOException;    @Override    public String getServletName() {        return config.getServletName();    }}

package javax.servlet.http;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;import java.io.PrintWriter;import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;import java.lang.reflect.Method;import java.text.MessageFormat;import java.util.Enumeration;import java.util.ResourceBundle;import javax.servlet.DispatcherType;import javax.servlet.GenericServlet;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;public abstract class HttpServlet extends GenericServlet {    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;    private static final String METHOD_DELETE = "DELETE";    private static final String METHOD_HEAD = "HEAD";    private static final String METHOD_GET = "GET";    private static final String METHOD_OPTIONS = "OPTIONS";    private static final String METHOD_POST = "POST";    private static final String METHOD_PUT = "PUT";    private static final String METHOD_TRACE = "TRACE";    private static final String HEADER_IFMODSINCE = "If-Modified-Since";    private static final String HEADER_LASTMOD = "Last-Modified";    private static final String LSTRING_FILE =        "javax.servlet.http.LocalStrings";    private static final ResourceBundle lStrings =        ResourceBundle.getBundle(LSTRING_FILE);    public HttpServlet() {        // NOOP    }    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)        throws ServletException, IOException    {        String protocol = req.getProtocol();        String msg = lStrings.getString("http.method_get_not_supported");        if (protocol.endsWith("1.1")) {            resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, msg);        } else {            resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST, msg);        }    }    protected long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest req) {        return -1;    }    protected void doHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)        throws ServletException, IOException {        if (DispatcherType.INCLUDE.equals(req.getDispatcherType())) {            doGet(req, resp);        } else {            NoBodyResponse response = new NoBodyResponse(resp);            doGet(req, response);            response.setContentLength();        }    }    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)        throws ServletException, IOException {        String protocol = req.getProtocol();        String msg = lStrings.getString("http.method_post_not_supported");        if (protocol.endsWith("1.1")) {            resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, msg);        } else {            resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST, msg);        }    }    ...}

Servlet接口：定义了Servlet应当有的基本行为，所有的Servlet程序都必须实现Servlet接口（GenericServlet或者HttpServlet）。

GenericServlet：实现了Servlet接口，没有规范任何与HTTP相关的方法，而是由继承它的HttpServlet来定义。

HttpServlet的service方法流程：

protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)    throws ServletException, IOException {    String method = req.getMethod();    if (method.equals(METHOD_GET)) {        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);        if (lastModified == -1) {            // servlet doesn't support if-modified-since, no reason            // to go through further expensive logic            doGet(req, resp);        } else {            long ifModifiedSince;            try {                ifModifiedSince = req.getDateHeader(HEADER_IFMODSINCE);            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {                // Invalid date header - proceed as if none was set                ifModifiedSince = -1;            }            if (ifModifiedSince < (lastModified / 1000 * 1000)) {                // If the servlet mod time is later, call doGet()                // Round down to the nearest second for a proper compare                // A ifModifiedSince of -1 will always be less                maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);                doGet(req, resp);            } else {                resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);            }        }    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_HEAD)) {        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);        maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);        doHead(req, resp);    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_POST)) {        doPost(req, resp);    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_PUT)) {        doPut(req, resp);    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_DELETE)) {        doDelete(req, resp);    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_OPTIONS)) {        doOptions(req,resp);    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_TRACE)) {        doTrace(req,resp);    } else {        //        // Note that this means NO servlet supports whatever        // method was requested, anywhere on this server.        //        String errMsg = lStrings.getString("http.method_not_implemented");        Object[] errArgs = new Object[1];        errArgs[0] = method;        errMsg = MessageFormat.format(errMsg, errArgs);        resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, errMsg);    }}

当请求到来时，容器会调用Servlet的service()方法。

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