Hex文件转Bin文件
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在嵌入式开发中,编译器生成的目标文件一般都是 .hex 文件。
为什么要转换,直接使用hex文件不行吗,可是我在开发过程中一直都是直接生成hex文件,然后进行下载,也没见出错?
在不清楚hex与bin文件的格式时,可能小伙伴会有这样的疑问。需要进行转换的原因是:hex文件中数据记录(record)并不是按照 “起始地址–>终止地址” 这样的顺序进行排列的,由于每行数据都包含起始地址和数据长度,所以hex文件中数据不需要按照地址顺序从低到高进行排列;而Bin文件中的数据则是严格按照地址顺序进行排列的。
首先需要了解hex文件的格式,可以参考官方资料Intel Hexadecimal Object File Format Specification,也可以看我的另一篇blog——HEX文件说明 。
最近做ECU的上位机下载工具,其中一步是将hex文件的内容转成按地址顺序(从低到高)排列的二进制数据(bin文件)。
于是我找了一个转换工具——hex2bin,源码地址。下面我就该工具的整个转换过程进行一些分析。
整个过程主要分为两步:
1. 遍历整个hex文件,找出最小地址和最大地址(也就是起始地址和结束地址),算出数据长度(数据长度=结束地址-起始地址),根据得到的数据长度,分配对应大小的内存(开辟一个数组);
2. 再次遍历整个hex文件,计算每条数据记录中的起始地址与hex文件起始地址的偏移量,按照偏移量将该条数据记录中的数据部分写入第一步的数组中。(这样就实现了按照从低到高的地址顺序排列整个hex文件的数据)。
最后只需要将该数组写出到文件中即可。
首先使用FILE * fopen(const char * path, const char * mode);
打开hex文件,然后是第一次遍历,找出起始地址和数据长度。
/* 第一次遍历hex文件,获取地址范围(Lowest_Address和Highest_Address) */ /* get highest and lowest addresses so that we can allocate the right size */ do { unsigned int i; /* Read a line from input file. */ GetLine(Line,Filin); Record_Nb++; /* Remove carriage return/line feed(回车/换行) at the end of line. */ i = strlen(Line); if (--i != 0) { if (Line[i] == '\n') Line[i] = '\0'; /* Scan the first two bytes and nb of bytes. The two bytes are read in First_Word since its use depend on the record type: if it's an extended address record or a data record. */ /* sscanf() - 从一个字符串中读进与指定格式匹配的数据, 成功则返回参数数目. ":%2x%4x%2x%s":格式说明 :冒号开头,2个十六进制数,4个十六进制数, 2个十六进制数,余下的当做字符串 */ result = sscanf (Line, ":%2x%4x%2x%s",&Nb_Bytes,&First_Word,&Type,Data_Str); if (result != 4) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); p = (char *) Data_Str; //p表示指向数据域(包括checksum)的指针 /* If we're reading the last record, ignore it. */ switch (Type) { /* Data record */ case 0: if (Nb_Bytes == 0) break; Address = First_Word; if (Seg_Lin_Select == SEGMENTED_ADDRESS) { Phys_Addr = (Segment << 4) + Address; } else { /* LINEAR_ADDRESS or NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED Upper_Address = 0 as specified in the Intel spec. until an extended address record is read. */ Phys_Addr = ((Upper_Address << 16) + Address); } if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Physical Address: %08X\n",Phys_Addr); /* 获取地址范围(Lowest_Address和Highest_Address) */ /* Set the lowest address as base pointer. */ if (Phys_Addr < Lowest_Address) Lowest_Address = Phys_Addr; /* Same for the top address. */ temp = Phys_Addr + Nb_Bytes -1; if (temp > Highest_Address) { Highest_Address = temp; if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Highest_Address: %08X\n",Highest_Address); } break; case 1: if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"End of File record\n"); break; case 2: /* First_Word contains the offset. It's supposed to be 0000 so we ignore it. */ /* First extended segment address record ? */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED) Seg_Lin_Select = SEGMENTED_ADDRESS; /* Then ignore subsequent extended linear address records */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == SEGMENTED_ADDRESS) { result = sscanf (p, "%4x%2x",&Segment,&temp2); if (result != 2) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Extended Segment Address record: %04X\n",Segment); /* Update the current address. */ Phys_Addr = (Segment << 4); } else { fprintf(stderr,"Ignored extended linear address record %d\n", Record_Nb); } break; case 3: if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Start Segment Address record: ignored\n"); break; case 4: /* First_Word contains the offset. It's supposed to be 0000 so we ignore it. */ /* First extended linear address record ? */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED) Seg_Lin_Select = LINEAR_ADDRESS; /* Then ignore subsequent extended segment address records */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == LINEAR_ADDRESS) { result = sscanf (p, "%4x%2x",&Upper_Address,&temp2); //取出基地址(Extended Linear Address)和checksum if (result != 2) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Extended Linear Address record: %04X\n",Upper_Address); /* Update the current address. */ Phys_Addr = (Upper_Address << 16); if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Physical Address: %08X\n",Phys_Addr); } else { fprintf(stderr,"Ignored extended segment address record %d\n", Record_Nb); } break; case 5: if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Start Linear Address record: ignored\n"); break; default: if (Verbose_Flag) fprintf(stderr,"Unknown record type: %d at %d\n",Type,Record_Nb); break; } } } while (!feof (Filin)); /*feof()用来侦测是否读取到了文件尾, 参数stream 为fopen()所返回的文件指针. 如果已读到文件尾则返回非零值, 其他情况返回0.*/
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每次读取一行,循环读取,直到文件尾。
申请指定长度的内存(malloc),然后进行第二次遍历,这次的目的是将数据按地址顺序进行排列。
/* 第二次遍历hex文件, 处理数据 */ /* Read the file & process the lines. */ do /* repeat until EOF(Filin) */ { unsigned int i; /* Read a line from input file. */ GetLine(Line,Filin); Record_Nb++; /* Remove carriage return/line feed at the end of line. */ i = strlen(Line); //fprintf(stderr,"Record: %d; length: %d\n", Record_Nb, i); if (--i != 0) { if (Line[i] == '\n') Line[i] = '\0'; /* Scan the first two bytes and nb of bytes. The two bytes are read in First_Word since its use depend on the record type: if it's an extended address record or a data record. */ result = sscanf (Line, ":%2x%4x%2x%s",&Nb_Bytes,&First_Word,&Type,Data_Str); if (result != 4) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); Checksum = Nb_Bytes + (First_Word >> 8) + (First_Word & 0xFF) + Type; //前4个字节累加 p = (char *) Data_Str; /* If we're reading the last record, ignore it. */ switch (Type) { /* Data record */ case 0: if (Nb_Bytes == 0) { fprintf(stderr,"0 byte length Data record ignored\n"); break; } Address = First_Word; if (Seg_Lin_Select == SEGMENTED_ADDRESS) Phys_Addr = (Segment << 4) + Address; else /* LINEAR_ADDRESS or NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED Upper_Address = 0 as specified in the Intel spec. until an extended address record is read. */ if (Address_Alignment_Word) Phys_Addr = ((Upper_Address << 16) + (Address << 1)) + Offset; else Phys_Addr = ((Upper_Address << 16) + Address); /* Check that the physical address stays in the buffer's range. */ if ((Phys_Addr >= Lowest_Address) && (Phys_Addr <= Highest_Address)) { /* The memory block begins at Lowest_Address */ Phys_Addr -= Lowest_Address; /* 计算该条数据记录相对于hex文件起始地址的偏移量 */ p = ReadDataBytes(p); /* 根据偏移量将该条记录中的数据写入指定的数组中 */ /* Read the Checksum value. */ result = sscanf (p, "%2x",&temp2); if (result != 1) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); /* Verify Checksum value. */ /* 校验和 = 0x100 - 除checksum之外所有字节的累加和 */ Checksum = (Checksum + temp2) & 0xFF; VerifyChecksumValue(); } else { if (Seg_Lin_Select == SEGMENTED_ADDRESS) fprintf(stderr,"Data record skipped at %4X:%4X\n",Segment,Address); else fprintf(stderr,"Data record skipped at %8X\n",Phys_Addr); } break; /* End of file record */ case 1: /* Simply ignore checksum errors in this line. */ break; /* Extended segment address record */ case 2: /* First_Word contains the offset. It's supposed to be 0000 so we ignore it. */ /* First extended segment address record ? */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED) Seg_Lin_Select = SEGMENTED_ADDRESS; /* Then ignore subsequent extended linear address records */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == SEGMENTED_ADDRESS) { result = sscanf (p, "%4x%2x",&Segment,&temp2); if (result != 2) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); /* Update the current address. */ Phys_Addr = (Segment << 4); /* Verify Checksum value. */ Checksum = (Checksum + (Segment >> 8) + (Segment & 0xFF) + temp2) & 0xFF; VerifyChecksumValue(); } break; /* Start segment address record */ case 3: /* Nothing to be done since it's for specifying the starting address for execution of the binary code */ break; /* Extended linear address record */ case 4: /* First_Word contains the offset. It's supposed to be 0000 so we ignore it. */ if (Address_Alignment_Word) /*默认为false*/ { sscanf (p, "%4x",&Offset); Offset = Offset << 16; Offset -= Lowest_Address; } /* First extended linear address record ? */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == NO_ADDRESS_TYPE_SELECTED) Seg_Lin_Select = LINEAR_ADDRESS; /* Then ignore subsequent extended segment address records */ if (Seg_Lin_Select == LINEAR_ADDRESS) { result = sscanf (p, "%4x%2x",&Upper_Address,&temp2); if (result != 2) fprintf(stderr,"Error in line %d of hex file\n", Record_Nb); /* Update the current address. */ Phys_Addr = (Upper_Address << 16); /* Verify Checksum value. */ Checksum = (Checksum + (Upper_Address >> 8) + (Upper_Address & 0xFF) + temp2) & 0xFF; VerifyChecksumValue(); } break; /* Start linear address record */ case 5: /* Nothing to be done since it's for specifying the starting address for execution of the binary code */ break; default: fprintf(stderr,"Unknown record type\n"); break; } } } while (!feof (Filin));
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最后将数组中的内容输出到文件,即可得到bin文件。
按照上面的思路我用Java写了一个转换类(用在上面提到的ECU下载工具中),感兴趣的同学可以看一看。
其中碰到的坑有必要提一下,由于Hex文件中的数据是采用ASC II码的,而Bin文件中的数据是直接使用的二进制(不存在编码),因此在转换过程中涉及到编码转换。另外还有一点需要提一下,由于Java没有无符号型,如果将读到的数据赋给byte型变量,在调试的过程中使用print输出时会看到乱码(数据溢出byte类型的范围)。
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