SpringBoot @EnableAutoConfiguration原理

spring Boot是一个偏执的开源框架，它可用于创建可执行的spring应用程序，采用了习惯优于配置的方法。
此框架的神奇之处在于@EnableAutoConfiguration注释，此注释自动载入应用程序所需的所有Bean——这依赖于Spring Boot在类路径中的查找。

一、@Enable*注释

@Enable*注释并不是新发明的注释，早在Spring 3框架就引入了这些注释，用这些注释替代XML配置文件。
很多Spring开发者都知道@EnableTransactionManagement注释，它能够声明事务管理；@EnableWebMvc注释，它能启用Spring MVC；以及@EnableScheduling注释，它可以初始化一个调度器。
这些注释事实上都是简单的配置，通过@Import注释导入。

**@Import类似于spring配置文件中的include，这样spring加载配置文件时就不用加载多个**

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documented@Import({ EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class,        AutoConfigurationPackages.Registrar.class })public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {    /**     * Exclude specific auto-configuration classes such that they will never be applied.     */    Class<?>[] exclude() default {};}

EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector类使用了Spring Core包的SpringFactoriesLoader类的loadFactoryNamesof()方法。
SpringFactoriesLoader会查询META-INF/spring.factories文件中包含的JAR文件。
当找到spring.factories文件后，SpringFactoriesLoader将查询配置文件命名的属性。在例子中，是org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
让我们来看看spring-boot-autoconfigure JAR文件，它真的包含了一个spring.factories文件，内容如下：

# Initializersorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContextInitializer=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SharedMetadataReaderFactoryContextInitializer,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.logging.AutoConfigurationReportLoggingInitializer# Application Listenersorg.springframework.context.ApplicationListener=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.BackgroundPreinitializer# Auto Configureorg.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.admin.SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.aop.AopAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.amqp.RabbitAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.batch.BatchAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cassandra.CassandraAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cloud.CloudAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.ConfigurationPropertiesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.couchbase.CouchbaseAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.dao.PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.jpa.JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jDataAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.solr.SolrRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.rest.RepositoryRestMvcAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.web.SpringDataWebAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.elasticsearch.jest.JestAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker.FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.gson.GsonAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.h2.H2ConsoleAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hateoas.HypermediaAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastJpaDependencyAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.info.ProjectInfoAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.integration.IntegrationAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jackson.JacksonAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcTemplateAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JndiDataSourceAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.XADataSourceAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceTransactionManagerAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JmsAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jmx.JmxAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JndiConnectionFactoryAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.activemq.ActiveMQAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.artemis.ArtemisAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.flyway.FlywayAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.template.GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jersey.JerseyAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jooq.JooqAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.kafka.KafkaAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.embedded.EmbeddedLdapAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.LdapAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.liquibase.LiquibaseAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderValidatorAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceResolverAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.MongoAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.MustacheAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityFilterAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.oauth2.OAuth2AutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.sendgrid.SendGridAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.session.SessionAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.SocialWebAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.FacebookAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.LinkedInAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.TwitterAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.solr.SolrAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.TransactionAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.jta.JtaAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.validation.ValidationAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMessageConvertersAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.MultipartAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebClientAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebMvcAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketMessagingAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.webservices.WebServicesAutoConfiguration# Failure analyzersorg.springframework.boot.diagnostics.FailureAnalyzer=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.diagnostics.analyzer.NoSuchBeanDefinitionFailureAnalyzer,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceBeanCreationFailureAnalyzer,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.HikariDriverConfigurationFailureAnalyzer# Template availability providersorg.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.template.TemplateAvailabilityProvider=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker.FreeMarkerTemplateAvailabilityProvider,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.MustacheTemplateAvailabilityProvider,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.template.GroovyTemplateAvailabilityProvider,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafTemplateAvailabilityProvider,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.JspTemplateAvailabilityProvider

在这个文件中，可以看到一系列Spring Boot自动配置的列表。下面我们来看这些配置的细节，以MongoAutoConfiguration为例：

@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass(Mongo.class)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(MongoProperties.class)
public class MongoAutoConfiguration {

@Autowiredprivate MongoProperties properties;private Mongo mongo;@PreDestroypublic void close() throws UnknownHostException {    if (this.mongo != null) {        this.mongo.close();    }}@Bean@ConditionalOnMissingBeanpublic Mongo mongo() throws UnknownHostException {    this.mongo = this.properties.createMongoClient();    return this.mongo;}

}

如果加上
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(type = “org.springframework.data.mongodb.MongoDbFactory”)

Mongo的AutoConfiguration将会在用户引入Mongo相关包时,并且没有自定义MongoDbFactory时被激活,同时配置文件(application.properties之类的)将注入到MongoProperties中.MongoProperties类由@ConfigurationProperties

可以看到MongoClient最终由MongoAutoConfiguration调用MongoProperties的createMongoClient()方法创建.通过标注@Bean将MongoClient发布到Spring容器中.

如果用户已经用@Bean自定义了一个MongoClient,那么Mongo AutoConfig就不会做去初始化MongoClient,配置文件中的配置也就不生效了.

这个类进行了简单的Spring配置，声明了MongoDB所需典型Bean。
这个类跟其它很多类一样，重度依赖于Spring Boot注释：
1）@ConditionOnClass激活一个配置，在类路径中只能存在一到几个这样的类。
2）@EnableConfigurationProperties自动映射一个POJO到Spring Boot配置文件（默认是application.properties文件）的属性集。
3）@ConditionalOnMissingBean启用一个Bean定义，但必须是这个Bean之前未定义过才有效。
还可以使用@ AutoConfigureBefore注释、@AutoConfigureAfter注释来定义这些配置类的载入顺序。

二、属性映射

下面看MongoProperties类，它是一个Spring Boot属性映射（映射到application.properties）的例子：

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = “spring.data.mongodb”)
public class MongoProperties {

private String host;private int port = DBPort.PORT;private String uri = "mongodb://localhost/test";private String database;// ... getters/ setters omitted

}
@ConfigurationProperties注释将POJO关联到application.properties指定前缀的每一个属性。例如，spring.data.mongodb.port属性将映射到这个类的端口属性。
强烈建议Spring Boot开发者使用这种方式来删除与配置属性相关的瓶颈代码。

三、@Conditional注释

Spring Boot的强大之处在于使用了Spring 4框架的新特性：@Conditional注释，此注释使得只有在特定条件满足时才启用一些配置。
在Spring Boot的org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition包中说明了使用@Conditional注释能给我们带来什么，下面对这些注释做一个概述：

@ConditionalOnBean
@ConditionalOnClass
@ConditionalOnExpression
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
@ConditionalOnMissingClass
@ConditionalOnNotWebApplication
@ConditionalOnResource
@ConditionalOnWebApplication
以@ConditionalOnExpression注释为例，它允许在Spring的EL表达式中写一个条件。

@Conditional(OnExpressionCondition.class)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD })
public @interface ConditionalOnExpression {

/** * The SpEL expression to evaluate. Expression should return {@code true} if the * condition passes or {@code false} if it fails. */String value() default "true";

}
在这个类中，我们想利用@Conditional注释，条件在OnExpressionCondition类中定义：

public class OnExpressionCondition extends SpringBootCondition {

@Overridepublic ConditionOutcome getMatchOutcome(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {    // ...    // we first get a handle on the EL context via the ConditionContext    boolean result = (Boolean) resolver.evaluate(expression, expressionContext);    // ...    // here we create a message the user will see when debugging    return new ConditionOutcome(result, message.toString());}

}
在最后，@Conditional通过简单的布尔表达式（即ConditionOutcome方法）来决定。

四、应用程序上下文初始化器

spring.factories还提供了第二种可能性，即定义应用程序的初始化。这使得我们可以在应用程序载入前操纵Spring的应用程序上下文ApplicationContext。
特别是，可以在上下文创建监听器，使用ConfigurableApplicationContext类的addApplicationListener()方法。
AutoConfigurationReportLoggingInitializer监听到系统事件时，比如上下文刷新或应用程序启动故障之类的事件，Spring Boot可以执行一些工作。这有助于我们以调试模式启动应用程序时创建自动配置的报告。
要以调试模式启动应用程序，可以使用-Ddebug标识，或者在application.properties文件这添加属性debug= true。

五、调试Spring Boot自动配置

Spring Boot的官方文档（http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/htmlsingle/#howto-troubleshoot-auto-configuration）有助于理解自动配置期间发生了什么。当以调试模式运行时，运行时，加上参数–debug ，Spring Boot会产生一个报告，如下：

Positive matches:

MessageSourceAutoConfiguration
- @ConditionalOnMissingBean (types: org.springframework.context.MessageSource; SearchStrategy: all) found no beans (OnBeanCondition)

JmxAutoConfiguration
- @ConditionalOnClass classes found: org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter (OnClassCondition)
- SpEL expression on org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jmx.JmxAutoConfiguration: ${spring.jmx.enabled:true} (OnExpressionCondition)
- @ConditionalOnMissingBean (types: org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter; SearchStrategy: all) found no beans (OnBeanCondition)

DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration
- found web application StandardServletEnvironment (OnWebApplicationCondition)
- @ConditionalOnClass classes found: org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet (OnClassCondition)

Negative matches:

DataSourceAutoConfiguration
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.embedded.EmbeddedDatabaseType (OnClassCondition)

DataSourceTransactionManagerAutoConfiguration
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate,org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager (OnClassCondition)

MongoAutoConfiguration
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: com.mongodb.Mongo (OnClassCondition)

FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration
- SpEL expression on org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration: !${security.basic.enabled:true} (OnExpressionCondition)

SecurityAutoConfiguration
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager (OnClassCondition)

EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration.EmbeddedJetty
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server,org.eclipse.jetty.util.Loader (OnClassCondition)

WebMvcAutoConfiguration.WebMvcAutoConfigurationAdapter#localeResolver
- @ConditionalOnMissingBean (types: org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver; SearchStrategy: all) found no beans (OnBeanCondition)
- SpEL expression: ‘${spring.mvc.locale:}’ != ” (OnExpressionCondition)

WebSocketAutoConfiguration
- required @ConditionalOnClass classes not found: org.springframework.web.socket.WebSocketHandler,org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsSci (OnClassCondition)
对于每个自动配置，可以看到它启动或失败的原因。

六、结论

Spring Boot很好地利用了Spring 4框架的功能，可以创建一个自动配置的可执行JAR。
不要忘记，可以使用自己的配置来替代自动配置，见： http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/htmlsingle/#using-boot-replacing-auto-configuration
over!