开源多媒体容器标准 -MKV
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anMatroska 开源多媒体容器标准。MKV属于其中的一部分。
Matroska常见的有.MKV视频格式、MKA音频格式、.MKS字幕格式、.MK3D files (stereoscopic/3D video).
1.EBML(Extensible Binary Meta Language)
MKV是建立在EBML这种语言的基础上,所以要了解MKV格式需要先了解EBML这种语言。
EBML是一种类似于XML格式的可扩展二进制元语言,使用可变长度的整数存储,以节省空间。
EBML基本元素结构:
typedef struct {
vint ID // EBML-ID
vint size // size of element
char[size] data // data
} EBML_ELEMENT;
ID标志属性类型
size为后面data部分的大小
data部分为ID所标识属性的实际数据
上面可以看到ID和size的类型都是vint,vint(Unsigned Integer Values of Variable Length)可变长度无符号整型,比传统32/64位整型更加节省空间。
长度计算方法为
长度 = 1 +整数前缀0比特的个数.
从MKV文件中简单接一段来举个例子。这是16进制表示方式
因为每个EBML元素都是由ID size data 三部分组成,我们就按照这些来分析。
将0x42 转成2进制 为 01000010 按照上面规则 前面有1个0 所以知道ID的长度为2,也就是0x4282为ID值。
将0x88 转成2进制为 10001000 1为开头 长度就是1,去掉前缀1变成了00001000 ,也就是 size的值为 8.
接下来的8个字节就是data值:6D 61 74 72 6F 73 6B 61 根据上面ID值查表得知 这个EMBL 名称为DocType 也就是说data的内容是string格式,所以转成askII码 data值就是“matroska” 和后面显示的一致。
所以这个EBML元素就解析出来了
ID=0x4282;
size=8;
data=“matroska” ;
得到的信息就是 DocType = matroska。
2.整体结构
让我们看看MKV的整体框架结构。
Level 0GroupingLevel 1Level 2Level 3EBMLHeaderEBMLVersion DocType SegmentMeta Seek InformationSeekHeadSeekSeekIDSeekPositionSeekSeekIDSeekPositionSegment InformationInfoTitle SegmentUID TrackTracksTrackEntryNameTrackNumberTrackTypeTrackEntryNameTrackNumberTrackTypeChaptersChaptersEdition Entry ClustersClusterTimecode BlockGroupBlockBlockGroupBlockReferenceBlockBlockGroupBlockClusterTimecode BlockGroupBlockBlockGroupBlockBlockGroupBlockBlockGroupBlockBlockDurationCueing DataCuesCuePointCueTimeCuePositionCuePointCueTimeCuePositionAttachmentAttachmentsAttachedFileFileNameFileDataAttachedFileFileNameFileDataTaggingTagsTagMultiTitleLanguageTagMultiTitleLanguageEBML元素都有自己的级别,每一个高一级的元素由若干次一级的元素组成。从整个MKV文件整体来看可分为2大部分:
EBML Header和Segment。
EBML Header由EBMLVersion、DocType等子元素组成,包含了文件的版本、文档类型等相关信息。
Segment部分保存了媒体文件的视频和音频的实际数据,其data部分又可以分为SeekHead、Tracks、Cluster等若干子元素。
上文MKV【1】已经了解了EBML基本结构和MKV文件的整体结构,接下来我们自己分析每一部分。
1.EBML Header
2.Segment
1.Meta Seek Information
Meta Seek Information 其实是个快速索引的信息。他可能包含Track information, Chapters, Tags, Cues, Attachments, 这些部分的位置信息。这些位置是在Segment中的相对位置。Meta Seek这部分内容比不一定必须有,但是有了它能让你快速的定位到你关心的一些关键信息的位置,而不用按照文件顺序的解析。
上文提到过了EBML元素都有自己的级别,每一个高一级的元素由若干次一级的元素组成。下图就是meta seek 结构
Meta Seek InformationSeekHeadSeekSeekIDSeekPositionSeekSeekIDSeekPosition还是以上面的MKV文件为例子。Segment中第一部分很可能就是meta seek。
红线圈里就是seek 内同,按照规范中的表解析EBML元素
11 4D 9B 74 表示SeekHead
C0 解析后 size 64
接下来就是SeekHead 下一级元素
Seek
ID = 4D BB
size = 12
data = 53 AB 84 16 54 AE 6B 53 AC 82 10 03
data里面的信息就是seekID 和 SeekPosition
53 AB 表示seekID元素
size = 4
seekID = 15 49 A9 66
53 AC 表示SeekPosition元素
size = 2
SeekPosition = 10 03 (4099)
这个表示 ID 为 15 49 A9 66 的EBML元素 所在Segment的位置为 4099处.查表可知道这个ID是
Segment Information 中的 info
这个4099 是Segment中的相对位置,把之前24字节的EBML header 和 12字节Segment的ID和size加上 正好是4135,咱们找到文件4135(0x1027)的位置看看
正好是info 的位置。所以有了meta seek的信息我们可以快速找到一些关键EBML元素的位置。
把剩下meta seek信息同样方法解析出来就会等到如下信息:
2.Segment Information
Segment Information 包含识别文件的信息,包括 Title 、 SegmentUID,有个比较关心的文件时常信息Duration也在这一部分。
A randomly generated unique ID to identify the current segment between many others (128 bits).SegmentFilename2[73][84]----8***
A filename corresponding to this segment.PrevUID2[3C][B9][23]----b***
A unique ID to identify the previous chained segment (128 bits).PrevFilename2[3C][83][AB]----8***
An escaped filename corresponding to the previous segment.NextUID2[3E][B9][23]----b***
A unique ID to identify the next chained segment (128 bits).NextFilename2[3E][83][BB]----8***
An escaped filename corresponding to the next segment.SegmentFamily2[44][44]-*--b***
A randomly generated unique ID that all segments related to each other must use (128 bits).ChapterTranslate2[69][24]-*--m***
A tuple of corresponding ID used by chapter codecs to represent this segment.ChapterTranslateEditionUID3[69][FC]-*--u***
Specify an edition UID on which this correspondance applies. When not specified, it means for all editions found in the segment.ChapterTranslateCodec3[69][BF]*---u***
The chapter codec using this ID (0: Matroska Script, 1: DVD-menu).ChapterTranslateID3[69][A5]*---b***
The binary value used to represent this segment in the chapter codec data. The format depends on theChapProcessCodecID used.TimecodeScale2[2A][D7][B1]*--1000000u****Timecode scale in nanoseconds (1.000.000 means all timecodes in the segment are expressed in milliseconds). When combined with TimecodeScaleDenominator the Timecode scale is given by the fraction TimecodeScale/TimecodeScaleDenominator in seconds.TimecodeScaleDenominator2[2A][D7][B2]*--1000000000u
Timecode scale numerator, seeTimecodeScale.Duration2[44][89]--> 0-f****Duration of the segment (based on TimecodeScale).DateUTC2[44][61]----d****Date of the origin of timecode (value 0), i.e. production date.Title2[7B][A9]----8***
General name of the segment.MuxingApp2[4D][80]*---8****Muxing application or library ("libmatroska-0.4.3").WritingApp2[57][41]*---8****Writing application ("mkvmerge-0.3.3").
3.Track
Track包含了音视频的基本信息,如音视频解码器类型、视频分辨率、音频采样率等这。通过对Track部分的解析。我们就能得到音视频的基本信息。为选择相应解码器以及初始化这些解码器做好准备工作。每个 TrackEntry 代表着1条轨道信息。
Tracks
TrackEntryNameTrackNumberTrackTypeTrackEntryNameTrackNumberTrackType
Element Name
L
EBML ID
Ma
Mu
Rng
Default
T
1
2
3
W
Description
Track
Tracks
1
[16][54][AE][6B]
-
*
-
-
m
*
*
*
*
A top-level block of information with many tracks described.
TrackEntry
2
[AE]
*
*
-
-
m
*
*
*
*
Describes a track with all elements.
TrackNumber
3
[D7]
*
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
The track number as used in the Block Header (using more than 127 tracks is not encouraged, though the design allows an unlimited number).
TrackUID
3
[73][C5]
*
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
A unique ID to identify the Track. This should be kept the same when making a direct stream copy of the Track to another file.
TrackType
3
[83]
*
-
1-254
-
u
*
*
*
*
A set of track types coded on 8 bits (1: video, 2: audio, 3: complex, 0x10: logo, 0x11: subtitle, 0x12: buttons, 0x20: control).
FlagEnabled
3
[B9]
*
-
0-1
1
u
*
*
*
Set if the track is usable. (1 bit)
FlagDefault
3
[88]
*
-
0-1
1
u
*
*
*
*
Set if that track (audio, video or subs) SHOULD be active if no language found matches the user preference. (1 bit)
FlagForced
3
[55][AA]
*
-
0-1
0
u
*
*
*
*
Set if that track MUST be active during playback. There can be many forced track for a kind (audio, video or subs), the player should select the one which language matches the user preference or the default + forced track. Overlay MAY happen between a forced and non-forced track of the same kind. (1 bit)
FlagLacing
3
[9C]
*
-
0-1
1
u
*
*
*
*
Set if the track may contain blocks using lacing. (1 bit)
MinCache
3
[6D][E7]
*
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The minimum number of frames a player should be able to cache during playback. If set to 0, the reference pseudo-cache system is not used.
MaxCache
3
[6D][F8]
-
-
-
-
u
*
*
*
The maximum cache size required to store referenced frames in and the current frame. 0 means no cache is needed.
DefaultDuration
3
[23][E3][83]
-
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
Number of nanoseconds (not scaled via TimecodeScale) per frame ('frame' in the Matroska sense -- one element put into a (Simple)Block).
TrackTimecodeScale
3
[23][31][4F]
*
-
> 0
1.0
f
*
*
*
DEPRECATED, DO NOT USE. The scale to apply on this track to work at normal speed in relation with other tracks (mostly used to adjust video speed when the audio length differs).
TrackOffset
3
[53][7F]
-
-
-
0
i
A value to add to the Block's Timecode. This can be used to adjust the playback offset of a track.
MaxBlockAdditionID
3
[55][EE]
*
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The maximum value of BlockAddID. A value 0 means there is no BlockAdditions for this track.
Name
3
[53][6E]
-
-
-
-
8
*
*
*
*
A human-readable track name.
Language
3
[22][B5][9C]
-
-
-
eng
s
*
*
*
*
Specifies the language of the track in theMatroska languages form.
CodecID
3
[86]
*
-
-
-
s
*
*
*
*
An ID corresponding to the codec, see thecodec page for more info.
CodecPrivate
3
[63][A2]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
*
Private data only known to the codec.
CodecName
3
[25][86][88]
-
-
-
-
8
*
*
*
*
A human-readable string specifying the codec.
AttachmentLink
3
[74][46]
-
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
The UID of an attachment that is used by this codec.
CodecSettings
3
[3A][96][97]
-
-
-
-
8
A string describing the encoding setting used.
CodecInfoURL
3
[3B][40][40]
-
*
-
-
s
A URL to find information about the codec used.
CodecDownloadURL
3
[26][B2][40]
-
*
-
-
s
A URL to download about the codec used.
CodecDecodeAll
3
[AA]
*
-
0-1
1
u
*
*
The codec can decode potentially damaged data (1 bit).
TrackOverlay
3
[6F][AB]
-
*
-
-
u
*
*
*
Specify that this track is an overlay track for the Track specified (in the u-integer). That means when this track has a gap (seeSilentTracks) the overlay track should be used instead. The order of multiple TrackOverlay matters, the first one is the one that should be used. If not found it should be the second, etc.
TrackTranslate
3
[66][24]
-
*
-
-
m
*
*
*
The track identification for the given Chapter Codec.
TrackTranslateEditionUID
4
[66][FC]
-
*
-
-
u
*
*
*
Specify an edition UID on which this translation applies. When not specified, it means for all editions found in the segment.
TrackTranslateCodec
4
[66][BF]
*
-
-
-
u
*
*
*
The chapter codec using this ID (0: Matroska Script, 1: DVD-menu).
TrackTranslateTrackID
4
[66][A5]
*
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
The binary value used to represent this track in the chapter codec data. The format depends on the ChapProcessCodecID used.
Video
3
[E0]
-
-
-
-
m
*
*
*
*
Video settings.
FlagInterlaced
4
[9A]
*
-
0-1
0
u
*
*
*
Set if the video is interlaced. (1 bit)
StereoMode
4
[53][B8]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
Stereo-3D video mode (0: mono, 1: side by side (left eye is first), 2: top-bottom (right eye is first), 3: top-bottom (left eye is first), 4: checkboard (right is first), 5: checkboard (left is first), 6: row interleaved (right is first), 7: row interleaved (left is first), 8: column interleaved (right is first), 9: column interleaved (left is first), 10: anaglyph (cyan/red), 11: side by side (right eye is first), 12: anaglyph (green/magenta), 13 both eyes laced in one Block (left eye is first), 14 both eyes laced in one Block (right eye is first)) . There are some more details on 3D support in the Specification Notes.
OldStereoMode
4
[53][B9]
-
-
-
-
u
DEPRECATED, DO NOT USE. Bogus StereoMode value used in old versions of libmatroska. (0: mono, 1: right eye, 2: left eye, 3: both eyes).
PixelWidth
4
[B0]
*
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
Width of the encoded video frames in pixels.
PixelHeight
4
[BA]
*
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
Height of the encoded video frames in pixels.
PixelCropBottom
4
[54][AA]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
The number of video pixels to remove at the bottom of the image (for HDTV content).
PixelCropTop
4
[54][BB]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
The number of video pixels to remove at the top of the image.
PixelCropLeft
4
[54][CC]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
The number of video pixels to remove on the left of the image.
PixelCropRight
4
[54][DD]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
The number of video pixels to remove on the right of the image.
DisplayWidth
4
[54][B0]
-
-
not 0
PixelWidth
u
*
*
*
*
Width of the video frames to display. The default value is only valid when DisplayUnit is 0.
DisplayHeight
4
[54][BA]
-
-
not 0
PixelHeight
u
*
*
*
*
Height of the video frames to display. The default value is only valid when DisplayUnit is 0.
DisplayUnit
4
[54][B2]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
How DisplayWidth & DisplayHeight should be interpreted (0: pixels, 1: centimeters, 2: inches, 3: Display Aspect Ratio).
AspectRatioType
4
[54][B3]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
*
Specify the possible modifications to the aspect ratio (0: free resizing, 1: keep aspect ratio, 2: fixed).
ColourSpace
4
[2E][B5][24]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
Same value as in AVI (32 bits).
GammaValue
4
[2F][B5][23]
-
-
> 0
-
f
Gamma Value.
FrameRate
4
[23][83][E3]
-
-
> 0
-
f
Number of frames per second. Informationalonly.
Audio
3
[E1]
-
-
-
-
m
*
*
*
*
Audio settings.
SamplingFrequency
4
[B5]
*
-
> 0
8000.0
f
*
*
*
*
Sampling frequency in Hz.
OutputSamplingFrequency
4
[78][B5]
-
-
> 0
Sampling Frequency
f
*
*
*
*
Real output sampling frequency in Hz (used for SBR techniques).
Channels
4
[9F]
*
-
not 0
1
u
*
*
*
*
Numbers of channels in the track.
ChannelPositions
4
[7D][7B]
-
-
-
-
b
Table of horizontal angles for each successive channel, see appendix.
BitDepth
4
[62][64]
-
-
not 0
-
u
*
*
*
*
Bits per sample, mostly used for PCM.
TrackOperation
3
[E2]
-
-
-
-
m
*
Operation that needs to be applied on tracks to create this virtual track. For more detailslook at the Specification Notes on the subject.
TrackCombinePlanes
4
[E3]
-
-
-
-
m
*
Contains the list of all video plane tracks that need to be combined to create this 3D track
TrackPlane
5
[E4]
*
*
-
-
m
*
Contains a video plane track that need to be combined to create this 3D track
TrackPlaneUID
6
[E5]
*
-
not 0
-
u
*
The trackUID number of the track representing the plane.
TrackPlaneType
6
[E6]
*
-
-
-
u
*
The kind of plane this track corresponds to (0: left eye, 1: right eye, 2: background).
TrackJoinBlocks
4
[E9]
-
-
-
-
m
*
Contains the list of all tracks whose Blocks need to be combined to create this virtual track
TrackJoinUID
5
[ED]
*
*
not 0
-
u
*
The trackUID number of a track whose blocks are used to create this virtual track.
TrickTrackUID
3
[C0]
-
-
-
-
u
DivX trick track extenstions
TrickTrackSegmentUID
3
[C1]
-
-
-
-
b
DivX trick track extenstions
TrickTrackFlag
3
[C6]
-
-
-
0
u
DivX trick track extenstions
TrickMasterTrackUID
3
[C7]
-
-
-
-
u
DivX trick track extenstions
TrickMasterTrackSegmentUID
3
[C4]
-
-
-
-
b
DivX trick track extenstions
ContentEncodings
3
[6D][80]
-
-
-
-
m
*
*
*
Settings for several content encoding mechanisms like compression or encryption.
ContentEncoding
4
[62][40]
*
*
-
-
m
*
*
*
Settings for one content encoding like compression or encryption.
ContentEncodingOrder
5
[50][31]
*
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
Tells when this modification was used during encoding/muxing starting with 0 and counting upwards. The decoder/demuxer has to start with the highest order number it finds and work its way down. This value has to be unique over all ContentEncodingOrder elements in the segment.
ContentEncodingScope
5
[50][32]
*
-
not 0
1
u
*
*
*
A bit field that describes which elements have been modified in this way. Values (big endian) can be OR'ed. Possible values:
1 - all frame contents,
2 - the track's private data,
4 - the next ContentEncoding (next ContentEncodingOrder. Either the data inside ContentCompression and/or ContentEncryption)
ContentEncodingType
5
[50][33]
*
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
A value describing what kind of transformation has been done. Possible values:
0 - compression,
1 - encryption
ContentCompression
5
[50][34]
-
-
-
-
m
*
*
*
Settings describing the compression used. Must be present if the value of ContentEncodingType is 0 and absent otherwise. Each block must be decompressable even if no previous block is available in order not to prevent seeking.
ContentCompAlgo
6
[42][54]
*
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The compression algorithm used. Algorithms that have been specified so far are:
0 - zlib,1 - bzlib,3 - Header Stripping
2 - lzo1x
ContentCompSettings
6
[42][55]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
Settings that might be needed by the decompressor. For Header Stripping (ContentCompAlgo=3), the bytes that were removed from the beggining of each frames of the track.
ContentEncryption
5
[50][35]
-
-
-
-
m
*
*
*
Settings describing the encryption used. Must be present if the value of ContentEncodingType is 1 and absent otherwise.
ContentEncAlgo
6
[47][E1]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The encryption algorithm used. The value '0' means that the contents have not been encrypted but only signed. Predefined values:
1 - DES, 2 - 3DES, 3 - Twofish, 4 - Blowfish, 5 - AES
ContentEncKeyID
6
[47][E2]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
For public key algorithms this is the ID of the public key the the data was encrypted with.
ContentSignature
6
[47][E3]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
A cryptographic signature of the contents.
ContentSigKeyID
6
[47][E4]
-
-
-
-
b
*
*
*
This is the ID of the private key the data was signed with.
ContentSigAlgo
6
[47][E5]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The algorithm used for the signature. A value of '0' means that the contents have not been signed but only encrypted. Predefined values:
1 - RSA
ContentSigHashAlgo
6
[47][E6]
-
-
-
0
u
*
*
*
The hash algorithm used for the signature. A value of '0' means that the contents have not been signed but only encrypted. Predefined values:
1 - SHA1-160
2 - MD5
上表是track部分的官方文档。咱们还是用上面同样的例子来简单解析一下track 信息。
Segment Information之后紧接着就是track信息了。
整个红色框里的就是track 信息。它包含了2路TrackEntry的信息,分别是蓝绿框中的。
先看看第一个track内容,也就是蓝色框内。只看重要信息
AE 代表着这个整个EBML单元是一个TrackEntry size 0xB5
TrackNumber = 1 ID = D7 size = 1 data = 1;
TrackType = 1 ID = 83 size = 1 data = 1; 查表得知 1 表示的是video 也就是这个tarck信息是视频信息。
CodecID = V_MPEG4/ISO/AVC ID = 86 size = 15 data = "V_MPEG4/ISO/AVC"
PixelWidth = 1280 ID = B0 size = 2 data = 0x500(1280)
PixelHeight = 528 ID = BA size = 2 data = 0x210(528)
用官方的工具解析结果
用同样的方法解析第2路track的信息可以得到
通过对track部分的解析,我们就知道了这个MKV文件包含了2路音视频数据。1路为264的视频、1路为AC3的音频。音视频的相关参数也拿到了。
有了上文我们经知道了MKV文件时长、音视频的类型、分辨率、采样率等基本信息,接下来就是音视频的数据了。
4.Clusters
- 00 : no lacing
- 01 : Xiph lacing
- 11 : EBML lacing
- 10 : fixed-size lacing
将这个96034长度block 的数据转成NALU格式,然后加上从track部分中的CodecPrivate数据中解析出来的sps 和 pps 信息 保存到本地,应该就是1帧的264数据
用elecard 打开 果然是1帧I帧数据
按照这个套路,看看下一个
BlockGroup ID = A0 size = 0x2808
第一个block ID = A1 size = 0x2805(10245)
第1字节 表示Track Number =2 表示是track 2的数据,track是ac3 的音频。
第2-3字节表示Timecode = 0x0005;
Fixed-size lacing 是如下的结构
Fixed-size lacing
In this case only the number of frames in the lace is saved, the size of each frame is deduced from the total size of the Block. For example, for 3 frames of 800 octets each :
- Block head (with lacing bits set to 10)
- Lacing head: Number of frames in the lace -1, i.e. 2
- Data in frame 1
- Data in frame 2
- Data in frame 3
5.Cueing Data
Cueing Data 这部分内容其实是关键帧的index,如果没有关键帧的index的话,在做seek、快进快退的时候是十分困难的。你要逐个包去找。之前说过flv文件中官方没有做I帧index的规定。但是在民间已经做了补充。mkv官方有对index的规范。那就是Cueing Data
下面是结构图。
Cueing DataCuesCuePointCueTimeCuePositionCuePointCueTimeCuePosition继续看上面的例子,我们找到了Cues 所在的位置。
ID = [1C][53][BB][6B] 表示Cues size = 0x7f
紧接着每个ID = 0xBB 就是一个CuePoint,图中的绿色框中的就是一个。 size = 0xC
CueTime ID = 0xB3 size = 1 data = 0;
CueTrackPositions ID=0xB7 size=7 data=0xf78101f18215ef
CueTrack ID=F7 size = 1 data = 1 表示这个位置的track num 值为1 针对这个流应该是video
CueClusterPosition ID = F1 size = 2 data = 15ef 位置是在0x15ef(5615) 相对于Segment
找到这个位置发现是第一个Clusters 上面章节分析了,这个族的video内容正好是关键帧。
按照这种方式 发现这个文件中共有8个cuepoint 信息
把这个文件中的264视频demux出来,用工具查看发现关键帧正好也是8个。
6.小结
- 开源多媒体容器标准 -MKV
- 多媒体容器与压缩标准的区别
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV
- 多媒体封装格式详解---MKV
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【1】
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【2】
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【3】完
- android 多媒体封装格式详解---MKV
- android 多媒体封装格式详解---MKV
- android 多媒体封装格式详解---MKV
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【1】
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【2】
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【1】
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV【3】完
- 多媒体容器与压缩标准的概念区别
- 多媒体容器与压缩标准的概念区别
- 多媒体容器与压缩标准的概念区别
- 多媒体容器
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