Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2016 Results（2016stack overflow 开发者调查报告）

Overview总览

This year, over fifty thousand developers shared where they work, what they build, and who they are. You are about to read the results of the most comprehensive developer survey ever conducted.

今年，我们有五万多名开发者分享了他们的工作地点，工作内容，以及自我状况。你先现在读的开发者调查结果应该是目前最为全面的（开发者调查报告）。

原文link：http://stackoverflow.com/research/developer-survey-2016

Every 8 seconds or so, a developer asks a question on Stack Overflow. This year, 56,033 coders in 173 countries answered the call.

大约每8秒就有一个开发者在Stack Overflow上提问。今年，有位于173个国家的56033名编码员回复了这些问题。

We asked them 45 questions. Key highlights include the following:

我们向他们（56033名coders）问了45个问题。下面高亮处的是关键点：

Developers love Rust. Even back-end developers know JavaScript. Only 7% of developers identify as “rockstars”. Most developers prefer dogs to cats. (But not developers in Germany.)

开发者们热爱Rust语言。后台开发者也知道javascript。仅有7%左右的开发者是佼佼者。大多数开发者喜欢狗多过于猫。（德国的开发者除外）

Surveys aren’t perfect. While our large sample size helps offset some biases, it’s still biased against devs who don’t speak English, or who don’t like taking English-language surveys. In some sections we’ve augmented the results with insights gleaned from the activity of Stack Overflow’s 40 million monthly visitors. If you’re an employer, we’d be happy to help you reach those developers. If you’re a developer (you’re probably a developer), we hope you sign up.

调查并不是天衣无缝的。尽管我们用大量的样本来弥补调查偏见，但由于一些开发者不说英文或者说不太爱说英文，我们的调查还是存有偏差的。在（这篇调查某些）部分章节，我们参考四千万次stack overflow的月访问量来提高调查数据。如果你是一个老板（雇佣者），我们很高兴能帮你联系到这些开发者。如果你是开发者（你很可能就是开发者，对吧？��），我们希望你注册（参加调查问卷）。

Throughout these results we’ll be using the terms “developers”, “devs”, and “respondents” interchangeably. We’ll also be keeping commas outside quotation marks, because that’s what developers do.

在这些调查（结果）中，我们将混用“developers（开发者们）”、“devs（开发者们）”、“repondents（回复者们）”。我们会把逗号放在引号之外的，因为这是开发者们应该做的。（这是个程序员笑话，像程序中一般逗号放在引号外，例如：printf(“%d”,93);）。

Developer Profile（开发者简要）

Who codes? More people in more places than ever before.

有哪些人是编码者。越来越多的地方，越来越多的人从事开发。

I. Geography（地理位置）

• Survey Respondents
• Monthly Stack Overflow
• Visits* Professional Developers
• +-● RespondentsChile: 104 people
• 
  调查回复
  Stack Overflow月访问量
  职业开发者
  回收的问卷

In January, 46 million people visited Stack Overflow to get help or give help to a fellow developer. We estimate 16 million of those people are professional developers.

在（今年）一月，四千六百万的人访问Stack Overflow 向其他开发者求助或者给予帮助。我们估计有一千六百万的访问是来自职业开发者的。

Our estimate on professional developers comes from the things people read and do when they visit Stack Overflow. We collect data on user activity to help surface jobs we think you might find interesting and questions we think you can answer. You can download and clear this data at any time.

我们是根据开发者们访问StackOverflow看的和做的事情来判断其是否为职业开发者。我们收集用户的活动数据来向你推荐可能感兴趣的工作和问题。你可以随时清空或者下载你的数据。

II. Developer Occupations 开发职业

Full-Stack Web Developer （全栈工程师）
* 28.0%

Back-End Web Developer （后台开发者）
* 12.2%

Student（学生）
* 11.4%

Mobile Developer (Android, iOS, WP, and Multi-Platform) （移动开发者）
* 8.4%

Desktop Developer （桌面应用开发者）
* 6.9%

Front-End Web Developer （前台web开发者）
* 5.8%

Other（其他）
* 5.2%

Enterprise Level Services Developer（企业级应用开发者）
* 3.0%

Embedded Application Developer （嵌入式开发）
* 2.6%

DevOps
* 2.2%

Developer with a Statistics or Mathematics Background （以统计或者数学为背景的的开发者）
* 1.9%

Executive (VP of Engineering, CTO, CIO, etc.) 主管（副执行官，首席技术官，首席信息官）
* 1.8%

Data Scientist （数据科学家）
* 1.6%

System Administrator （系统管理员）
* 1.5%

Engineering Manager （工程师经理）
* 1.4%

Analyst（分析员）
* 1.2%

Business Intelligence or Data Warehousing Expert （商业情报源或者数据仓库专家）
* 0.1%

Machine Learning Developer （机器学习开发者）
* 0.1%

49,525 responses 49525名反馈者

More respondents consider themselves Full-stack Developers than any other role. On average, Full-stack developers are comfortable coding with 5 to 6 major languages or frameworks (vs. 4 for everyone else). Executives are comfortable using more languages and frameworks than any other developer occupation, which is most likely a result of having more experience.

很多反馈者都认为他们自己是全栈工程师多过于其他角色。通常，全栈工程师能够轻易用主流的5、6种语言或框架编码（而不是一般的4种）。主管们相比其他开发职业能更轻易使用更多的语言和框架，这大概是由于他们经验比较丰富。

There are roughly just as many developers who call themselves Mobile Developers as there are Android Mobile Developers (3% for each). About 2.5% of all developers are iOS Mobile Developers. We received 59 responses from Windows Phone Mobile Developers (.1%).

他们称自己为移动开发者的人中，有百分之三的人是Android开发者，有百分之二点五的iOS开发者。我们（只）收到59份回复说自己是Windows Phone 开发者（大约千分之一）。

Most Popular Technologies per Dev Type（对不同开发者而言最受欢迎的技术）

 全栈         前台           后台         移动        计算和数据         学生 *Full-Stack *Front-End     *Back-End   *Mobile     *Math & Data    *Students

JavaScript
* 85.3%

SQL
* 58.9%

C#
* 37.3%

PHP
* 35.3%

Angular
* 32.2%

Java
* 30.7%

SQL Server
* 28.0%

Node.js
* 27.1%

Python
* 18.2%

LAMP
* 15.6%

JavaScript is the most commonly used programming language on earth. Even Back-End developers are more likely to use it than any other language.

JavaScript是世上用的最多的语言。甚至是对于后台开发者而言，相对于其他语言更愿意用JavaScript。

III. Programmers, Engineers, and Developers（程序员，工程师，开发者）

Developer（开发者）
* 71.6%

Programmer（程序员）
* 60.3%

Engineer（工程师）
* 41.8%

Sr. Developer (高级开发者)
* 28.3%

Full-Stack Developer （全栈工程师）
* 26.8%

Other（其他）
* 12.0%

Hacker（黑客）
* 11.4%

Expert（专家）
* 11.2%

Ninja（Ninja开发者）
* 9.8%

Manager（经理）
* 9.2%

Rockstar（明星开发者）
* 7.4%

Guru（权威）
* 5.0%

Full-Stack Overflow Developer （全职Stack Overflow开发者）
* 4.2%

55,735 responses 55735个回复

This year we asked respondents if they are Engineers, Experts, Hackers or any of the other descriptors we’ve frequently seen in job listings, business cards, and Twitter bios.(biography)

今年我们向工程师，专家，黑客，以及其他经常看工作清单、工作卡片、和推特bios进行了问卷调查。

95% of developers identify as either a Developer, Programmer, Engineer, Senior Developer or Full-Stack Developer. Embedded Application Developers are most likely to identify as Engineers. Graphics Programmers are most likely to identify as Programmers.

百分之九十五的开发者定义自己为一个开发者，程序员，工程师，高级开发者或者（干脆称）全栈工程师。嵌入式开发者更容易定义自己为工程师。图形工程师更容易定义自己为工程师。

But Developer is the runaway choice here. It’s our top choice, too.

但开发者是一个敷衍的说法。当然，也是我们的第一选择。

Rockstars & Ninjas（明星开发者和ninja开发者们）

        自我定义为明星开发者        自我定义为ninja开发者    * Self Identify as Rockstar* Self Identify as Ninja

Growth Hacker
* 19.2%

Executive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.) 执行官（副总裁，首席技术官，首席信息官及其他）
* 16.0%

Graphics Programmer （图形开发者）
* 10.6%

55,735 responses 55735个回复

10% of respondents self-identified as Ninjas. Real ninjas don’t tell you they’re ninjas. They just sneak up on you and slit your throat, which we’re pretty sure constitutes a “hostile workplace environment”.

百分之十的回复者自我定义为忍者（ninja开发者）。真正的忍者可是不会告诉你他是忍者的。他们只会偷偷跟上你然后划开你的喉咙，（要是那样）我们很肯定他们将构成一个“充满敌意的工作环境”。

IV. Age（年龄）

< 20
* 7.1%

20-24
* 23.6%

25-29
* 28.4%

30-34
* 18.1%

35-39
* 10.2%

40-49
* 8.9%

50-59
* 3.0%

“>60
* 0.8%

55,338 responses （55338个回复）

The average developer is 29.6 years old. The median is 27.

开发者平均年龄为29.6岁，中位数为27岁。

Average Age per Country（各国家开发者平均年龄）

United States （美国）
* 32.0

Italy（意大利）
* 31.6

Australia（澳大利亚）
* 31.5

Spain（西班牙）
* 31.4

Sweden（瑞士）
* 31.1

United Kingdom（英国）
* 31.0

Canada（加拿大）
* 30.5

Germany（德国）
* 29.8

Netherlands（荷兰）
* 29.5

France（法国）
* 29.1

Brazil（巴西）
* 27.7

Poland（波兰）
* 26.7

Russian Federation （俄罗斯联邦）
* 26.6

India（印度）
* 25.5

Among countries with more than 1,000 responses（各国家超过1000份回复）

The average developer in India is 6 years younger than the average developer in the United States. Looking for the future of developer growth? Look no further than India, Russia, Poland, and Brazil.

平均而言，印度开发者比美国开发者年轻6岁。想找未来的开发者市场？没有什么能超过India，俄国，波兰，巴西啦。

V. Experience（经验）

< 1 Year
* 5.8%

1 - 2 Years
* 12.4%

2 - 5 Years
* 32.1%

6 - 10 Years
* 23.2%

11+ Years
* 26.5%

49,521 responses （49521份回复）

The average developer has about 6.5 years IT or programming experience. This isn’t necessarily professional experience (the average student tells us they have 3.4 years experience). Developers gain experience by building things, even if they’re doing it unpaid or part-time. We’ve found this experience distribution to closely match that of more than 230,000 developers who make their CVs available on Stack Overflow.

平均而言，开发者们有6.5年 IT 或者编程经验。这并不全是说职业经验（学生的平均经验大概是3.4年）。甚至开发者做些无酬劳或者兼职工作，它们也可以通过开发东西活的经验。在Stack Overflow上我们发现这种编程经验的分布和那些基于超过23万的开发者所提供的CV（所计算的经验分布）是一致的。

Worldwide, the median Front-End Web Developer has 3.5 years experience. The median Full-Stack Developer has 8 years experience. And the median Engineering Manager has 13 years experience.

全球来讲，前台web开发者经验中位数是3.5年。全栈工程师的经验中位数为8年。而工程师经理的经验中位数为13年。

Star Wars vs. Star Trek（星球大战vs星际迷航）

< 20 * 66.9% * 19.3%

20-24 * 68.4% * 17.6%

25-29 * 65.7% * 24.6%

30-34 * 59.0% * 33.3%

35-39 * 57.5% * 39.0%

40-49 * 54.4% * 38.1%

50-59 * 31.4% * 52.5%

“> 60 * 29.3% * 47.0%

Star Wars（星球大战）

Star Trek（星际迷航）

42,503 responses 42503回复

We asked developers if they preferred Star Wars or Star Trek. Clearly, sci-fi mega-franchise of choice varies by age. Devs in their 40s prefer Star Wars. Devs in their 50s are Trekkies. Firefly was the top write-in, followed by Stargate, Doctor Who, and Babylon 5.

我们问了这些开发者是喜欢《Star Wars》些，还是《Star Trek》些。显然，各年龄段对科幻巨作的选择是不同的。40岁前的开发更喜欢《星球大战》，50多岁的多为《星际迷航》爱好者了。除《星球大战》和《星际迷航》外，《萤火虫》是呼声最高的，紧随其后的是《星际之门》，《神秘博士》，《巴比伦5》。

VI. Gender（性别）

Men * 92.8%

Women* 5.8%

Other * 0.5%

Prefer not to Disclose （不想公开） * 1.0%

55,128 responses 55128回复

Our survey results demonstrate a dramatic disparity in tech among men and women. In fact, we know women make up a more significant proportion of the developer workforce than this suggests. According to Quantcast, about 12% of Stack Overflow’s readers are women. (We don’t actively track gender internally.) We also know this survey underrepresents people in countries where developers have an increased likelihood of being women such as Asian countries like South Korea, India, and China.

我们的调查结果表明科技工作上男女比例”显著”不同。事实上，我们知道女性在全体开发人员中占的比例是远超这个的。根据Quantcast 的调查，有12%左右的Stack Overflow的读者是女性（放心，我们是不会启动内部跟踪调查的）。我们也知道这份调查结果并不能完全呈现那些女性开发者迅速增长的国家，例如像韩国、印度、中国这些亚洲国家。

Developer Occupations & Women（各开发职业女性比例）

Designer（设计师） * 12.4%

Quality Assurance （质检师） * 11.6%

Front-End Web Developer （前端开发）* 10.6%

Mobile Developer - Android （移动开发-Android）
- 8.7%

Data Scientist （数据科学家）
* 8.6%

Product Manager （产品经理）
* 8.0%

Student（学生）
* 6.9%

Growth Hacker
* 6.4%

Machine Learning Developer （机器学习开发者）
* 6.1%

Business Intelligence or Data Warehousing Expert（商业情报源或者数据仓库专家）
* 6.1%

Database Administrator （数据库管理员）
* 6.0%

Analyst（分析师）
* 5.9%

Mobile Developer - iOS（移动开发-iOS端）
* 5.9%

Back-End Web Developer （后台开发者）
* 5.8%

Mobile Developer （移动开发）
* 5.5%

Developer with a statistics or mathematics background（以统计或数学为背景的开发）
* 5.5%

Graphics Programmer （图形程序员）
* 5.3%

Full-stack Web Developer （web全栈工程师）
* 4.9%

Desktop Developer （桌面开发者）
* 4.5%

DevOps
* 4.0%

Enterprise Level Services Developer（企业级服务开发）
* 3.3%

Engineering Manager （工程师经理）
* 3.2%

System Administrator （系统管理员）
* 3.1%

Embedded Application Developer （嵌入式开发）
* 3.1%

Executive(VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.)执行官（副总裁，首席技术官，首席信息官，等）
* 2.1%

Mobile Developer - Windows Phone （移动开发-windos phone）
* 0.0%

Women are more likely to be Designers than any other developer type. They are far more likely to be Machine Learning Developers than men. Additionally, women are more likely to be Quality Assurance developers. Men and women appear to be about equally as likely to be either an Executive or Engineering Manager.

比起其他开发职业，女性似乎更容易变成一个设计师。和男性相比，更容易成为一个机器学习开发者。此外，女性更容易成为一名开发中的质检员。在执行官，工程师经理上，男女的倾向性是相同的。

Experience by Gender（男女工作经验）

* Experience * - Global* Experience - North America* Experience - South Asia经验          - 全球       经验    - 北美               经验      - 南亚

“< 1 Year
* 10.2%
* 4.2%

1 - 2 Years
* 17.8%
* 10.5%

2 - 5 Years
* 35.4%
* 30.4%

6 - 10 Years
* 19.4%
* 25.0%

11+ Years
* 17.3%
* 30.0%

Women

Men

43,099 responses. Students not included. 43099回复，学生不算。
Experience varies regionally. And it varies by gender, too.

经验分布十分地域性。不同性别经验也大不相同。

Gender Distribution per Age Cohort（各年龄段性别分布）

• Women* Men

20-24
* 7.2%

25-29
* 6.5%

30-34
* 4.9%

35-39
* 4.2%

40-49
* 4.5%

50-59
* 5.8%

“> 60
* 7.1%

2,979 responses from employment-aged women 2939份来自已工作的女性回复

While women make up about 6% of total respondents, they make up an even smaller percentage of respondents in their 30s and 40s. The gender disparity in tech is shamefully imbalanced across the age spectrum.

然而女性在所有回复中仅占6%，在30岁和40岁年龄段她们更少。纵观整个年龄段，科技工作上的性别悬殊实在让人羞愧。

We can’t claim to know the answer to bridging the gender gap in tech, but we think sharing data with the public is a productive step in advancing more dialogue across the industry. That’s why in about a month we’ll be releasing a full dataset of survey results for you to analyze yourself. Follow us on Twitter to stay updated.

我们不能声称自己找到已经找到解决技术行业男女鸿沟的桥梁。不过我们相信将数据分享给公众是在推动产业界更多交流中迈出卓有成效的一步。这也是为什么在为期一个月左右，我们要将所有让你分析自己的调查结果数据集发布的原因。在推特上follow我们来保持更新。

VII. Diversity（多样性）

Who Values Diversity?（谁重视多样性？）

Product Manager （产品经理）
* 85.7%

Engineering Manager （工程师经理）
* 79.3%

Quality Assurance （质量检查员）
* 77.1%

Data Scientist （数据科学家）
* 76.7%

Front-End Web Developer （web前端工程师）
* 76.6%

Mobile Developer - iOS （移动开发，iOS开发者）
* 76.4%

Mobile Developer - Android （移动开发，Android 开发者）
* 75.9%

42,156 responses 42156回复

Overall, about 73% of developers tell us they think diversity is at least somewhat important in the workplace. 41% of developers say diversity is very important. And developers who most often influence hiring decisions are more likely to believe in the value of diversity than other developer types.

纵观所有（回复），回复我们的开发者中，大约有73%认为至少在工作场合是多样性是有些重要的。41%的开发者说多样性很重要。那些能影响雇佣选择的开发者们比其他的开发者们更重视多样性。

We received some feedback this year that in addition to gender and diversity in general, we should have asked about ethnicity. It’s definitely something we’ll consider. What else should we ask about next year? Tell us.

除了通常性别和多样性的反馈，我们还收到一些其他的反馈，我们本应该问问他们种族问题。这肯定是我们要考虑的一些事。我们明年应该再问些什么其他问题呢？告诉我们吧。

VIII. Education（教育）

Self-Taught 自修
* 69.1%

On the Job Training 在职训练
* 43.9%

B.S. in Computer Science (or Related Field) 在计算机科学（或相关领域）的理学学士（Bachelor of Science）
* 34.8%

Online Course 在线课程
* 25.5%

Masters Degree in Computer Science (or Related Field) 在计算机科学（或相关领域）专硕
* 19.7%

Some College Coursework in Computer Science (or Related Field) 计算机科学（或相关领域）学硕
* 19.2%

B.A. in Computer Science or Related Field 计算机科学或相关领域文学学士
* 8.5%

Industry Certification Program 行业认证的（培训）项目
* 7.2%

Full-Time Intensive Program (e.g. Bootcamp) 全日制加强课程（像美国海军陆战队集中训练营那样）
* 6.5%

Part-Time Program (e.g. Night School) 兼职性课程（像夜校那样）
* 4.1%

Other其他
* 3.7%

PhD in Computer Science (or Related Field) 计算机科学（或相关领域）博士
* 2.1%

Mentorship Program 导师项目
* 1.2%

40,183 responses from non-student developers 40183个非学生开发者的回复

69% of all developers tell us they are at least partly self-taught. (13% of respondents across the globe tell us they are only self-taught.) 43% of developers have either a BA or BS in computer science or a related field. 2% of developers have a PhD.

回复我们的开发者中有69%告诉我们他们自少有些部分是自学的。（回复我们的全球开发者中，有13%告诉我们他们是完全自学的。）（回复我们的开发者中，）43%的开发者告诉我们他们有个计算机科学或相关领域的理学学士或着文科学士学位。有2%的人有博士学位。

Education Varies By Developer Type（不同开发职业中的教育水平）

* Online Course * Industry Certification    * Masters Degree  * Doctorate在线课程          行业认证                      硕士             博士

Machine Learning Developer （机器学习开发者）
* 34.0%

Data Scientist （数据科学家）
* 32.3%

Quality Assurance （质量检查员）
* 30.9%

Analyst（分析员）
* 29.7%

Business Intelligence or Data Warehousing Expert （商业情报源或者数据仓库专家）
* 29.6%

Machine Learning Developers are most likely to have taken an online class (Graphics programmers are least likely to do so). Enterprise Level Services Developers are most likely to have completed an Industry certification program (iOS Mobile Developer are least likely). Machine Learning Developers are also most likely to have completed a Masters or PhD in CS.

最有可能上在线课程的机器学习开发者（图像程序员是最少上在线课程的）。企业级服务开发者最有可能完成的业界认证的培训项目（iOS移动开发者最少这么做）。最有可能在计算机科学专业有硕士或者博士的开发者是机器学习开发者。

Technology（技术）

The tools and trends of the trade.行业（trade）工具和趋势。

I. Most Popular Technologies（最受欢迎的技术）

JavaScript
* 55.4%

SQL (or SQL Server)
* 49.1%

Java
* 36.3%

C#
* 30.9%

PHP
* 25.9%

Python
* 24.9%

C++
* 19.4%

C
* 15.5%

Node.js
* 17.2%

AngularJS
* 17.9%

Ruby
* 8.9%

Objective-C
* 6.5%

49,397 responses 49397回复

More people use JavaScript than use any other programming language. PHP appears to be falling out of favor as Node and Angular emerge.

相比其他编程语言，用JavaScript的人最多。伴随Node和Angular的出现，人们PHP的喜爱似乎在下降。

Most Popular Technologies - Other（其他最受欢迎的技术）

* Used*         Wanted 正使用的      想学的

Delphi
* 0.78%

TypeScript
* 0.47%

Bash
* 0.45%

Groovy
* 0.34%

Lua
* 0.32%

PowerShell
* 0.29%

Drupal
* 0.18%

Elixir
* 0.14%

Fortran
* 0.14%

Erlang
* 0.13%

PL/SQL
* 0.13%

Elasticsearch
* 0.13%

HTML, CSS
* 0.12%

ColdFusion
* 0.12%

Kotlin
* 0.12%

Smalltalk
* 0.12%

ABAP
* 0.11%

HTML
* 0.11%

PostgreSQL
* 0.09%

Django
* 0.09%

6,474 respondents told us they use an “other” language or technology 6474个用其他语言和技术的开发者的回复

Delphi was the most commonly used write-in language or technology, and Typescript is the write-in that more developers want to use. (Hey, we see you OCaml.)

在未入选的编程语言和技术名单（正使用的）中，Delphi 是最常用的，而未入选想用的编程语言的技术名单中，Typescript是开发者们最想学的。（嘿，我们看见你啦OCaml。）

II. Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted（最受喜爱的，最讨厌的，和最想要的）

* Loved* Dreaded* Wanted

Rust
* 79.1%

Swift
* 72.1%

F#
* 70.7%

Scala
* 69.4%

Go
* 68.7%

Clojure
* 66.7%

React
* 66.0%

Haskell
* 64.7%

Python
* 62.5%

C#
* 62.0%

Node.js
* 59.6%

% of developers who are developing with the language or tech and have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it

这些百分比表示那些用这些语言或技术开发并表示还将继续开发下去的人。

For the second year in a row Rust, Swift and Go make the top 5 most loved programming languages. VB tops the list of the most dreaded technologies – developers wouldn’t miss it if it went extinct. Developers who don’t currently develop with Android, Node and Angular want to do so.

Rust,Swift和Go语言已经连续两年成为最受欢迎的5们语言。名单上，VB是人们最讨厌技术，开发者们不久就会发现vb会灭绝了。现在那些还没有用Android、Node 和 Angular 开发者们开始想用这些（Android、Node 和 Angular ）了。

III. Top Tech on Stack Overflow（Stack Overflow技术Top榜）

JavaScript
* 62,588

Java
* 55,134

Android
* 43,251

Python
* 42,918

C#
* 41,624

PHP
* 32,247

JQuery
* 25,241

C++
* 24,959

HTML
* 24,656

iOS
* 23,599

CSS
* 19,912

C
* 14,022

Git
* 13,981

MySQL
* 13,822

AngularJS
* 13,230

SQL
* 11,988

.NET
* 11,594

Arrays
* 11,313

Swift
* 10,745

Objective-C
* 10,395

Node.js
* 10,189

Ruby on Rails
* 9,388

R
* 9,128

String
* 9,049

Ruby
* 8,309

JSON
* 8,039

SQL Server
* 7,745

Linux
* 7,712

ASP.NET
* 6,989

Regex
* 6,791

Feedback counts include real votes plus vote attempts by anonymous users and users with low rep. Feedback counts for January 2016 shown above.反馈统计包括了投票者、匿名投票者和低声誉者的投票。反馈统计了2016年一月以前的投票。

50,000 survey respondents is big. 40 million respondents is bigger. Every month, 40 million people visit Stack Overflow. In January, those visitors submitted 2.2 million feedback events (1.7 million votes plus 540 thousand anonymous votes). In June 2015, JavaScript overtook Java as most popular tag on Stack Overflow. In December, Swift overtook Objective-C. You can do your own analysis on feedback events at our public data explorer.

50000份调查反馈是很大的，4千万就更大了。每个月中，都会有4千万人访问Stack Overflow。在今年一月，这些访问者提交了2百20万反馈（1百70万的投票和54万匿名投票）。在2015年6月，JavaScript超过Java称为Stack Overflow上最受欢迎的语言。在12月，Swift超过（取代）Objective-C。你可以在我们的公开反馈数据上做自己分析。

IV. Trending Tech on Stack Overflow（Stack Overflow技术趋势）

* Winners* Losers

React
* 311.3%

Spark
* 163.5%

Swift
* 74.6%

Cassandra
* 40.6%

Raspberry Pi （树莓派）
* 36.8%

Node.js
* 26.8%

Cloud
* 26.0%

Python
* 19.9%

Wordpress
* 18.5%

AngularJS
* 14.9%

Javascript
* 13.0%

MongoDB
* 10.6%

R
* 8.8%

Redis
* 5.8%

Hadoop
* 5.2%

iOS
* 3.1%

VBA
* 2.5%

Android
* 2.0%

Clojure
* 2.0%

Go
* 1.9%

Percents shown are change in share of Stack Overflow votes between January 2015 and January 2016.

百分比是指在2015年一月到2016年一月中愿意分享自己（自己技术方向的）Stack Overflow投票者的变化。

Newer web-development technologies like React, Node.js, and AngularJS are growing in use. So is Swift, which is stealing market share from Objective C. Developers appear to be dropping CoffeeScript, Haskell, and Windows Phone. And though the survey showed many developers want out of Visual Basic and Wordpress, those technologies don’t seem to be shrinking quite yet.

像React、Node.js和AngularJS（这样的）新的web开发技术的使用在不断上涨。对于Swift，正在抢占Objective C的市场。开发者们似乎准备放弃CoffeeScript、Haskell和Windows Phone。尽管调查显示很多开发者想退出Visual Basic和Wordpress，（然而）到现在为止，这些技术并不像会完全退出。

V. Top Paying Tech（技术薪资Top榜）

* Top Paying Tech in US             * Top Paying Tech Worldwide   美国技术薪资榜                    全球技术薪资榜

Spark
* $125,000

Scala
* $125,000

Cassandra
* $115,000

F#
* $115,000

Hadoop
* $115,000

Cloud (AWS, GAE, Azure, etc.)
* $105,000

Redis
* $105,000

Go
* $105,000

Clojure
* $105,000

React
* $105,000

Perl
* $105,000

Minimum 100 responses, among all US developers 最少100份回复，来自全美开发者
Make it rain! Cloud technology pays big bucks. So does tech frequently used in finance. Spark, Scala, Cassandra, and F# top the list of the top paying technologies. (This year’s list looks a lot like last year’s list.)

钱如雨下！云技术报酬丰厚。这些技术定要在金融领域频繁使用。Spark, Scala, Cassandra, and F# 是榜单上给钱最多的科技。（今年的榜单和去年的有点像）

Have you considered looking for a Spark job?

你想过去找个Spark的工作吗？

Top Paying Tech per Occupation（不同职业中各技术薪资）

* Full-Stack        * Front-End         * Mathematics     * Mobile

全栈 前端 数学背景的 移动开发

Cloud
* $105,000

React
* $105,000

Redis
* $105,000

C#
* $95,000

JavaScript
* $95,000

Ruby
* $95,000

SQL
* $85,000

SQL Server
* $85,000

Node.js
* $85,000

Python
* $85,000

MongoDB
* $85,000

Other
* $85,000

PHP
* $75,000

LAMP
* $75,000

WordPress
* $75,000

Among 3,095 Full-Stack developers in the US who use JavaScript 数据采集于3095用JavaScript的美国全栈工程师

Full-Stack Developers who know JavaScript and develop for the Cloud, or work with React or Redis are paid better than their peers.

全栈工程师中，会JavaScript，云端开发或者用React、Redis 开发的比其他同僚获得报酬更多。

Front-End Developers who know JavaScript and React, Node, or Angular get paid more than other Front-End Developers.

前段开发者中，会JavaScript、React、 Node或者 Angular的，相比其他同僚薪资更高。

Developers with mathematics backgrounds (including Data Scientists and Machine Learning Developers) who know Scala, Spark or Hadoop get paid more than their peers. Python and R pay about the same, though there are twice as many Math Developers who know Python.

有数学背景的开发者（包裹数据科学家和机器学习开发者）中，会Scala, Spark 或 Hadoop比其他同僚获得更多。用Python和R语言的和同僚价位差不多，尽管相比会R语言的数学背景开发者，会Python的数学背景开发是他们的两倍多。

Mobile Developers who know the iOS ecosystem seem to earn about $10,000 more on average than Android Developers.

相比Android 开发者，iOS的开发者薪资要高大约一万美元。

VI. Correlated Technologies（技术相关性）

• 2 Tech* 3 Tech* 4 Tech

JavaScript, SQL
* 30.7%

JavaScript, PHP
* 20.1%

Java, JavaScript
* 19.7%

C#, JavaScript
* 19.1%

Java, SQL
* 18.2%

PHP, SQL
* 17.1%

C#, SQL
* 17.0%

AngularJS, JavaScript
* 16.1%

JavaScript, Node.js
* 15.8%

C#, SQL Server
* 14.4%

49,396 respondents who told us they use at least 1 programming language or technology

49396份来自至少使用一门语言和技术的开发者的回复

The average developer regularly uses between 4 and 5 major programming languages, frameworks and technologies. The most common 2-technology combination is JavaScript & SQL. The most common 3-tech combination is JavaScript, PHP, and SQL.

通常开发者要用4到5门主流语言、框架或者其他技术。2门技术搭配中，最常用的是JavaScript和SQL语句。3门技术搭配中，JavaScript、PHP和SQL语句是最常见的搭配。

Top Tech Stacks per Occupation（各职业技术搭配top榜）

* Full-Stack    * Front-End  * Back-End   * Data Scientists全栈          前端          后台          数据科学

JavaScript, PHP, SQL
* 23.0%

C#, JavaScript, SQL
* 21.7%

C#, JavaScript, SQL Server
* 20.6%

JavaScript, SQL, SQL Server
* 19.2%

AngularJS, JavaScript, SQL
* 18.1%

Java, JavaScript, SQL
* 17.2%

C#, SQL, SQL Server
* 17.2%

JavaScript, Node.js, SQL
* 15.1%

AngularJS, JavaScript, Node.js
* 14.4%

JavaScript, LAMP, PHP
* 13.2%

Among 13,841 Full-Stack Developers; 来自于13841全栈工程师

See the stacks? More Full-Stack Developers work with PHP than with any other Back-End language (closely followed by C# and Java).

找技术搭配？更多的全栈工程师选用PHP而不是其他后台语言（紧随其后的是C#和Java）。

JavaScript is so pervasive that it’s in all top 3-tech combinations used by Back-End Developers. This suggests a lot of these Back-End Developers are probably Full-Stack Developers in disguise. Our internal stats suggest about 60% of professional developers actually work with a Full-Stack.

JavaScript是如此普遍，甚至在后台开发者的3项技术搭配top榜中，它都出席了。这可能暗示了那些全栈工程师中，有些是伪装后的后台开发员吧。我们内部数据（internal stats）表明，大约60%职业开发者实际上用到全栈技术。

63% of Data Scientists use Python, 44% use R, and 27% use both (14% use Python, R, and SQL).

63%的数据科学家用Python，44%用R语言，27%Python和R都用（14%同时使用Python、R语言和SQL语句）。

VII. Development Environments（开发环境）

Notepad++
* 35.6%

Visual Studio
* 35.6%

Sublime Text
* 31.0%

Vim
* 26.1%

Eclipse
* 22.7%

IntelliJ
* 17.0%

Android Studio
* 13.0%

Other
* 12.9%

Atom
* 12.5%

Xcode
* 10.3%

NetBeans
* 8.1%

PhpStorm
* 7.4%

Visual Studio Code
* 7.2%

PyCharm
* 6.8%

Emacs
* 5.2%

IPython / Jupyter
* 3.5%

RStudio
* 2.0%

Xamarin
* 2.0%

RubyMine
* 1.7%

TextMate
* 1.6%

Coda
* 0.9%

Komodo
* 0.8%

Zend
* 0.5%

Lighttable
* 0.3%

46,613 responses 46613回复

Last year we asked you about text editors. This year we expanded the question to include IDEs, text editors, and other coding tools. The average developer uses between 2 and 3 of these development environments. The top write-ins were WebStorm (1.6%), brackets (.8%), QT Creator (.7%) and Delphi (.4%).

去年我们问你了一些关于文本编辑器的问题。今年我们将这个问题扩展成集成开发环境（IDE，Integrated Development Environment）、文本编辑器和其他编码工具。通常开发者们会用2到三种开发环境。未入榜单的其他开发环境中，WebStorm是最多的（有1.6%），brackets（0.8%），QT Creator（0.7%）以及Delphi（0.4%）。

Development Environments per Occupation（各职业的开发环境比例）

• Full-Stack* Data Scientist* Student

Visual Studio
* 38.6%

Sublime Text
* 37.1%

Notepad++
* 35.8%

Vim
* 25.0%

Eclipse
* 19.0%

Data Scientists use Vim & Notepad++. Full-Stack Developers use Visual Studio and Sublime. Students use Notepad++ and Visual Studio.

数据科学家多用Vim和Notepad++。全栈工程师多用Visual Studio 和Sublime。学生们多用Notepad++和Visual Studio。

VIII. Desktop Operating System（开发使用系统）

• 2016* 2015* 2014* 2013

Mac OS X
* 26.2%

Windows 7
* 22.5%

Linux
* 21.7%

Windows 10
* 20.8%

Windows 8
* 8.4%

Windows XP
* 0.4%

Windows Vista
* 0.1%

Last year, Mac edged ahead of the Linuxes as the number 2 operating system among developers. This year it became clear that trend is real. If OS adoption rates hold steady, by next year’s survey fewer than 50% of developers may be using Windows.

去年Mac作为排名第二的开发者们的系统环境险些超过Linux系列。显然今年趋势实现了，它成了第一。如果开发者们对系统采用，稳定保持现在趋势的话，明年Windows系列可能就不足50%了。

Speaking of the Linuxes, Ubuntu is tops among them with 12.3% of the entire OS market for developers. Fedora, Mint, and Debian accounted for 1.4%, 1.7%, and 1.9% of all responses, respectively.

说到Linux系列，Ubuntu是使用最多的，占整个开发者系统市场的12.3%。根据回复，Fedora，Mint和Debian分别占（市场的）1.4%1.7%和1.9%。

Work(工作)

Developers want to learn on the job, work-life balance, and money. But mostly developers just want to code.

开发者们想在工作中学习，想工作和生活平衡开来，想多挣些钱。但对于大多数开发者来说，他们只是想着去敲代码。

I. Employment Status（雇员情况）

Employed Full-Time （全职雇员）
* 67.8%

I’m a Student （学生）
* 12.6%

Freelance / Contractor 自由工作者／承包商
* 7.1%

Self-Employed 自雇
* 4.3%

Employed Part-Time兼职雇员
* 3.5%

Other (Please Specify) 其他（请详细说明）
* 1.8%

Unemployed无业的
* 1.8%

Prefer not to Disclose不想公开的
* 0.8%

Retired退休的
* 0.2%

49,577 total respondents 总共49577份回复

The vast majority of developers have jobs. 91% of developers in the workforce are “gainfully employed” (employed full-time, self-employed, or freelance).

绝大多数开发者有工作。91%的开发者是带薪工作的（全职工作，自雇，或者自由工作的）。

II. Looking for a Job（找工作）

* Global   * United Kingdom    * United States     * India    全球       英国                  美国                印度

I am actively looking for a new job （我正积极找个新工作）
* 14.8%

I am not interested in new job opportunities （我对新工作没兴趣）
* 22.1%

I’m not actively looking, but I am open to new opportunities （我不是很积极的寻找新工作，但有新工作机会我也会考虑）
* 63.1%

Among 39,434 non-student developers worldwide 在全球39434名非学生开发者中（的结果）
Only 15% of developers are actively looking for a job. But 78% of developers are interested in hearing about new job opportunities.

只有15%的开发者积极寻找工作。但78%的开发者对新的工作还是感兴趣的。

If you’re an employer, we want to know what you’re doing to make sure you reach the devs who aren’t actively job searching.

如果你是老板，我们想知道，为了来保障你能联系上那些不积极寻找工作的开发者，你现在在做些什么。

Who’s Looking for a New Job?哪些人想找个新工作？

* Looking   * Not Looking

Student（学生）
* 25.9%

Analyst（分析师）
* 20.1%

Quality Assurance （质检员）
* 17.8%

Developer with a Statistics or Mathematics Background （数学和统计为背景的开发者）
* 16.3%

Mobile Developer - Android （移动开发，Android开发者）
* 16.3%

Front-End Web Developer （web前端开发人员）
* 14.3%

Designer（设计师）
* 14.1%

Embedded Application Developer （嵌入式开发者）
* 13.0%

Among 12,380 respondents in the US 在美国的12380份回复

In the United States, Students, Analysts and Quality Assurance Developers are most likely to be actively looking for a new job. Designers, Execs and Machine Learning Developers are least likely to want to hear from employers.

在美国，学生、分析师和质检员开发者最有肯能积极寻找新工作。设计师、执行官以及机器学习开发者找新工作的可能性最小。

III. Job Discovery（找工作的途径）

* United States             * Germany            * India美国                        德国                印度

A Friend Referred Me 朋友推荐
* 28.3%

Other Website 其他网站
* 17.2%

External Recruiter 外招
* 13.8%

I Knew I Wanted to Work Here. I Sought Out the Opportunity Directly. 我知道我想在这儿工作，我直接自己找机会。
* 9.8%

In-House Recruiter 内招
* 9.5%

Career Fair 招聘会
* 6.3%

Self-Employed (I Created my Own Job) 自雇的（我自己给自己创造工作）
* 6.0%

Other其他
* 5.6%

Stack Overflow通过Stack Overflow找工作
* 2.8%

Twitter通过Twitter
* 0.4%

Facebook通过Facebook
* 0.3%

Among 9,878 gainfully employed (employed full-time, self-employed, or freelance) developers in the US来
自于美国9878个带薪工作的开发者（全职工作者，自雇，以及自由职业者）的回复

In most countries, referrals from friends are the most common way developers find new jobs. Not in India though.
在大多数国家，朋友推荐是开发者们找新工作用的最常见的方法。除了印度不是。

IV. Job Priorities（优先考虑的工作条件）

* Global        * United States         * Germany          * India全球            美国                    德国              印度

Salary 工资
* 62.7%

Work-Life Balance 工作生活的平衡
* 50.4%

Company Culture 公司文化
* 41.8%

Quality Colleagues 好的同事
* 39.9%

Flexible Work Hours 弹性工作时间
* 37.1%

Building Something that’s Significant 做些有重大意义的事
* 35.9%

Building Something that’s Innovative 做些有创意的事
* 31.2%

Office Location 工作地点
* 30.3%

Tech Stack 技术栈（各技术结合一起）
* 29.1%

Opportunity for Advancement 晋升机会
* 28.7%

Remote Working Options 远程办公
* 24.5%

Ability to Make or Influence Important Decisions 在面临重大抉择时有发言权或影响力
* 20.1%

Company Reputation 公司名气
* 17.1%

Health Insurance 健康保险
* 10.4%

Industry 行业
* 9.1%

Company Size 公司规模
* 7.8%

Job Title 工作职衔
* 7.3%

Company Financials & Market Position 公司财务和市场地位
* 6.4%

Equity股份
* 6.2%

Company Stage 公司发展阶段
* 4.2%

Other其他
* 3.0%

43,878 respondents worldwide 全球范围内的43878份回复

Salary is the one thing most developers say they care about when evaluating a new job opportunity. But it isn’t necessarily the thing they care about most. 37% of developers didn’t even include salary on their list of priorities.

衡量新的工作机会时，薪水是大多数开发者们关心的。但薪水并不一定就是最关注的。37%的开发者们甚至根本没把薪水考虑在优先选项之内。

Interestingly, German developers seem to be less concerned with salary than developers from other countries. US and French developers are less likely to prioritize opportunity for advancement, British developers are more concerned with location, and Indian developers are more likely to prioritize flexible work hours, building something innovative, working remote, and job title.

有趣的是，相比世界其他国家开发者，德国开发者对薪水最不关注。美国和法国开发者最少考虑晋升机会作为优先选项，英国开发者对位置最为关注，印度开发者更倾向于优先考虑弹性工作时间、开发一些新鲜东西、远程工作以及工作职衔。

Job Priorities per Occupation

* Full-Stack   * Executive   * Machine Learning   * Quality Assurance  * Student全栈              主管            机器学习            质量保障               学生

Salary工资
* 65.6%

Work-Life Balance工作生活平衡
* 52.8%

Company Culture 企业文化
* 44.2%

Quality of Colleagues 好的同事
* 41.3%

Flexible Work Hours 弹性时间
* 39.2%

Building Something that’s Significant 做些重大意义的事
* 35.8%

Building Something that’s Innovative 做些有创意的事情
* 31.0%

Office Location 工作地点
* 30.5%

Tech Stack 技术栈
* 39.3%

Opportunity for Advancement晋升机会
* 29.5%

Remote Working Options 远程工作选项
* 29.7%

Ability to Make or Influence Important Decisions 在面临重大抉择时有发言权或影响力
* 21.2%

Company Reputation 公司名声
* 16.7%

Health Insurance 健康保险
* 11.1%

Industry产业公司
* 8.1%

Company Size 公司规模
* 8.5%

Job Title 职衔
* 6.6%

Company Financials & Market Position 公司财务和市场地位
* 6.5%

Equity股份
* 6.2%

Company Stage 公司阶段
* 4.5%

Other其他
* 2.2%

Different developer types prioritize different things. Full-Stack developers are more likely than anyone else to prioritize the tech that’s in the stack. Machine learning developers want to build something innovative. Quality assurance developers are more concerned with quality of colleagues and company culture than any other developer type.

不同职业的开发者侧重的优先点不同。全栈工程师更倾向于优先考虑技术栈。机器学习开发者更想做些有创意的东西。相比其他开发者，质量保障开发者更关心同事的品质和企业文化。

Executives care less about work-life balance. They care more about building something that’s important, the ability to influence decisions, and more than any other developer type: equity.

主管们不太注意工作和生活的平衡。他们更注重做些重要的事、做决定的话语权，而且比其他开发者更注重股份。

Machine Learning Developers want to build something innovative.

机器学习开发者更想做些具有新意的东西。

Quality Assurance Developers are more concerned with quality of colleagues and company culture than any other developer type.

相比其他开发者，质量保障开发者更关心同事的品质和企业文化。

Priorities Change with Experience（随着经验变化的优先考虑点的改变）

Priorities Change with Experience 随经验增多优先考虑点的变化

% of users setting this priority 优先考虑这个点的人数百分比

49,521 responders with at least 1 job priority 49521份来自对工作至少有一个优先考虑选项的开发者的回复

As developers gain experience, decision-making and technology stack become a bigger priority, as does working remote. (Have we told you lately how much we love remote?) But more experienced developers care less about job title.

随着开发者经验的增加，决定权和技术栈变得越来越优先考虑，就如远程办公一样。（我们告诉你过我们有多么爱远程么？）越来越多的有经验的开发者不再在乎职衔。

Money Matters More in Certain Countries 在一些特定的国家钱的关系更重要

% of developers who value salary 百分之多少的开发者重视薪水

mean developer salary 平均开发工资

Ukraine乌克兰       Poland 波兰                 Romania罗马尼亚         South Africa 南非              Brazil巴西 Spain西班牙         Russia俄罗斯                India印度               Italy意大利                    France法国Austria奥地利       Netherlands荷兰             Finland芬兰             Germany德国                    Sweden瑞典Canada加拿大        United Kingdom英国          Australia澳大利亚        Denmark丹麦                    Switzerland瑞士United States美国

Among developers with more than 5 years experience, and countries with at least 200 responses. 来自5年以上工作经验的开发者，每个国家至少两百名回复。

Developers tend to value salary in countries where the mean developer salary is relatively low. Developers in Nordic countries are less interested in money than this trend implies.

在平均开发工资相对较低的国家的开发者们更倾向于重视薪水。北欧国家开发者们相比这个趋势表明的更不在意薪水。

V. Devs Love to Learn开发者喜欢学什么

* Global* United States* India

Learning New Technologies 学习新技术
* 70.1%

Building Something New 做些新东西
* 64.3%

Having Control Over Product Decisions 掌控产品的决定
* 44.1%

Improving an Existing Application 对一些存在的应用进行改良
* 40.2%

Believing in the Company Mission相信公司的使命
* 36.8%

Working on a Variety of Projects 在多种多样的项目中工作
* 30.4%

Getting Promoted 得到提升
* 30.1%

Working From Home 在家上班
* 24.9%

Having My Own Office 有自己的办公室
* 17.7%

Ending the Workday at the Same Time Every Day工作一如既往
* 15.3%

Once developers are situated in a job, they want to learn things and build. Getting promoted is a higher priority for developers in India than it is for developers in other countries.

一旦开发者工作就位，他们就想学点和做点什么。相比其他国家，印度的开发者更注重晋升机会。

VI. Challenges At Work工作挑战

Unrealistic Expectations 不切实际的预期估计
* 34.9%

Poor Documentation 缺少说明书
* 34.7%

Unspecific Requirements 不确切的需求
* 33.5%

Inefficient Development Processes 低效的开发过程
* 30.3%

Fragile Code Base 脆弱的代码基（代码不健壮）
* 29.6%

Changing Requirements 需求变动
* 28.1%

Outdated Technologies 过时的技术
* 24.8%

Limited Resources 资源有限
* 22.9%

Poor Team Dynamics团队活力不足
* 22.3%

Non-Technical Management 技术管理不足
* 22.1%

Interacting with Stupid People 和笨蛋合作
* 20.4%

Poor Scheduling 计划性不足
* 18.2%

Corporate Policies 公司政策
* 17.4%

Interacting with Non-Technical People 和不会技术的人交流
* 14.9%

Poor Infrastructure缺乏基础设施
* 11.9%

Trying to be Nice 想做的更好
* 8.2%

Unrealistic expectations, poor documentation, and unspecific requirements are the most common workplace gripes for developers. Sound familiar?

工作中的不切实际的预期、缺少说明书以及不确切的要求是开发者们心中共同的痛。（你）听起来是不是很熟悉？

Challenges Change with Experience伴随经验变化，挑战的改变

49,521 responders with at least 1 challenge and an experience range 来自至少工作有一项挑战和经验的开发者的49521回复
Experienced developers face different challenges than junior developers. More experienced developers tend to be more bothered by unrealistic expectations, unspecific requirements, and fragile code. Also, experienced developers have less of an issue “trying to be nice”.

经验丰富的开发者和资历较浅的开发者面临的挑战不同。更多的有经验的开发者趋向烦恼于不切实际的期望，不确切的要求和脆弱的代码。当然，经验丰富的开发者在“想做的更好”方面没什么问题。

VII. Salary薪水

Salary per Developer Occupations不同开发职业的薪水

    * United States             * United Kingdom       美国                        英国

Executive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.) 执行官（工程副总裁，首席技术官，首席信息官等）
* $150,314

Engineering Manager （工程师经理）
* $143,122

Enterprise Level Services Developer （企业级应用开发者）
* $121,908

Mobile Developer - iOS （移动开发，iOS开发）
* $115,460

Data Scientist （数据科学家）
* $115,244

Developer with a Statistics or Mathematics Background（统计和数学背景的开发者）
* $111,656

Embedded Application Developer （嵌入式开发）
* $110,899

Other（其他）
* $110,442

DevOps（Development和Operations开发和运维）
* $109,641

Back-End Web Developer（web后台开发）
* $108,580

Mobile Developer （移动开发）
* $104,648

Desktop Developer （桌面开发）
* $100,806

Full-Stack Web Developer （全栈工程师）
* $100,273

Front-End Web Developer （前端开发者）
* $97,016

System Administrator （系统管理员）
* $79,684

Among developers with 5+ years experience 来自5年以上开发者

Average salary among developers with 5+ years experience is one way to compare compensation for different developer types. But quarters and pounds stretch further in some countries than others…

比较不同开发者的福利，查看5年以上经验开发者的平均工资是个不错的办法。但每个国家的购买力不同（这个指标就似乎不那么靠谱了）。

Purchasing Power per Country每个国家的消费水平

Country国家        Salary (mean)平均薪资   Salary (median) 中位数薪资  Local Big Mac Price当地巨无霸价格  Big Macs per Year (mean)年薪换算巨无霸（平均个数）South Africa南非    $45,383               $35,000                    $1.77                           25,713United States美国   $106,120            $105,000                   $4.93                           21,530Ukraine乌克兰        $33,023                $35,000                   $1.54                           21,444Australia澳大利亚      $80,093            $75,000                    $3.74                           21,426China中国          $54,667                $45,000                    $2.72                           20,072Denmark丹麦         $81,778                $85,000                   $4.32                            18,930New Zealand新西兰      $70,727              $65,000                  $3.91                            18,089Ireland爱尔兰         $76,747              $75,000                  $4.25                            18,058United Kingdom英国    $75,654             $65,000                   $4.22                            17,925Israel以色列          $74,400             $75,000                   $4.29                            17,447

Among developers with 5+ years experience. Based on The Economist’s Jan 2016 Big Mac Index. （资料采集于）5年以上开发经验者。基于《经济学人2016年一月的巨无霸指数》

The Big Mac Index is a good way to compare purchasing power for developers living in different countries. In South Africa beef is cheap (other consumer goods are, too), and the average developer there can afford more than 25,000 Big Macs per year. Developers with 5+ years experience in the US and Ukraine eat pretty well, too.

为不同国家的开发者比较购买力，巨无霸指数一个很好的方法。南美洲的牛肉会便宜些（其他消费品同样便宜些），这儿的开发者平均每年能买超过25000个巨无霸套餐。5年以上的美国和乌克兰开发者吃的也很好。

Salaries and Rent per City（不同城市的薪资和租金）

City城市 Apartment Price公寓价格 Salary (median)中位数薪资 Pct. of Salary spent on Rent租金占工资的百分比
Montreal, Canada（蒙特利尔，加拿大） 71265,000 13%
Berlin, Germany（柏林，德国） 74055,000 16%
Pune, India（普纳，印度） 20115,000 16%
Bangalore, India（班加罗尔，印度） 20515,000 16%
Austin, TX, United States（奥斯汀，德克萨斯，美国） 1,454105,000 17%
Seattle, WA, United States（西雅图，华盛顿州，美国） 1,764125,000 17%
Portland, OR, United States（波特兰，俄勒冈州（Oregen），美国）1,40195,000 18%
Bucharest, Romania（布加勒斯特，罗马尼亚） 37225,000 18%
Kiev, Ukraine（基辅，乌克兰） 38025,000 18%
Los Angeles, CA, United States（洛杉矶，加州，美国） 1,780115,000 19%

Among developers with 5+ years experience. Apartment Price = price in USD of 1-bedroom apartment in city center. Data from Numbeo.来自5年以上经验开发者。公寓价格=城市中心单床公寓价格（美金）。数据来源于Numbeo.
The rent is too damn high in Moscow (the average developer would have to spend more than 50% of their income on rent if they lived in the city center ). Developers are better off living in Montreal, Berlin, Pune, and Bangalore – the last of which delivers more Stack Overflow traffic than any other city. Austin, Texas is the top city in the US for devs who don’t want to spend all their money on rent.

莫斯科的租金真是太TM高啦（如果开发者住在城市中心的话，他们平均要花费一半多收入来付租金）。在蒙特利尔、柏林、普纳、班加罗尔（附近）的开发者就要好很多（相比其他城市，班加罗尔的开发者向Stack Overflow 发的信息最多。）美国德克萨斯州奥斯丁是开发者们最不想花费钱租房子的地方。

But if you don’t pay your own rent, then consider moving to California. 7 of the top 10 cities by average developer salary are all in California. Palo Alto is number 1, with average developers earning 153,000peryear.ThetoppayingcityoutsidetheUnitedStatesisZürich,wheremedianpayfordeveloperswith5+yearsexperienceis105,000.

但如果你不想付你的租金的话，考虑一下搬到加利福尼亚。开发者最高薪资的十个城市中，加利福尼亚占了7个。帕洛阿尔托是最高的，平均每个开发者能挣到15万3千美元每年。除美国以外的薪资就高的城市是苏黎世（瑞士），5年以上经验的开发者中位数薪资是10万5千美元。

Salary per Company Size（不同规模公司的薪资）

1 - 4 Employees （雇员）
* 93.0%

5 - 9 Employees
* 85.7%

10 - 19 Employees
* 87.7%

20 - 99 Employees
* 92.5%

100 - 499 Employees
* 98.7%

500 - 999 Employees
* 98.1%

1,000 - 4,999 Employees
* 102.7%

5,000 - 9,999 Employees
* 105.6%

10,000+ Employees
* 111.9%

Relative Mean Salary calculated as salary vs. salaries for all other developers within a developer’s country 这里百分比指相对于国家里的的其他所有开发者的平均工资，该规模的公司平均薪资比例。
Average salary increases as companies get bigger, though tiny companies seem to pay pretty well, too.平均下来，工资伴着公司的规模变大而增大的，尽管微型公司似乎待遇也不错。

Money Buys Happiness 薪水能换来幸福吗

Overall, there is a strong correlation between compensation and job satisfaction. Does money buy happiness? Maybe in some places. But it’s also likely highly paid developers have more choices and they can work where they know they’ll be happy.

大体上来说，福利和工作满意度是有很强的关联的。钱能买到快乐吗？或许在某些地方是的。但也可能是高薪资的开发者有更多的选择，他们可以选择那些他们知道他们会快乐的地方工作。

Salary per Employment Status不同工作类型的薪资

Employed Full-Time 全职工作
* $98,949

Freelance / Contractor 自由职业／承包商
* 92,311Self−Employed自我雇佣的∗82,293

Employed Part-Time 兼职工作
* $41,629

Other其他
* $55,000

Unemployed未被雇佣的
* $47,389

Retired退休的
* $45,454

Full-time employees make up the bulk of the developer workforce (about 85%), and they get paid better on average than developers who are freelance or self-employed. But self-employed developers are most likely to love their job. What’s the difference between Self-employed and Freelance / Contract? About $10,000.

全职工作雇员是开发劳动力的主要组成部分（大约占85%），平均而言，他们获得的薪资也是比自由职业者或者是自我雇佣者高些。但自雇开发者们似乎更快乐。自雇者和自由工作者／承包商有多大区别呢？大约1万美元。

Salary by Gender（不同性别的薪资）

There is no detectable gender pay gap for young developers in the US, but there does appear to be a significant pay gap among developers 30+, suggesting developers who are men of that age make up to $20,000 more on average. The gap is less apparent when looking across years of experience.

美国年轻的开发者男女薪资待遇没有明显的差距，但在30岁以上的开发者中，男女薪资差距及其明显，差不过过了三十岁后，男性薪资平均超过同期女性2万多没用。光看工作经验的话，这个差距没有这么明显。

Salary by Education（不同教育程度的薪资）

• Global* United States

Mentorship Program 导师制项目
* 125.0%

Masters Degree in Computer Science(or Related Field）计算机科学（及相关领域）硕士学位
* 121.2%

Full-Time, Intensive Program(e.g. “Boot-Camp”)全日制加强课程（像美国海军陆战队集中训练营那样）
* 120.7%

Industry Certification Program 行业认证的（培训）项目
* 120.0%

PhD in Computer Science(or Related Field)计算机科学（或相关专业）博士
* 118.6%

B.S. in Computer Science(or Related Field)计算机科学（或相关专业）理科学士
* 112.1%

Online Class 在线课程
* 111.6%

On-the-Job Training 在职训练
* 111.6%

Learned On My Own 自学
* 110.1%

Part-Time Program(e.g. Night School)兼职（训练）项目（如：夜校）
* 109.2%

B.A. in Computer Science(or Related Field)计算机科学（或相关领域）文学学士
* 108.7%

Some College Coursework in Computer Science(or Related Field)计算机科学（或相关领域）学硕
* 104.5%

Other其他
* 100.9%

Among 20,001 developers with 5+ years experience. Percents shown are developer salaries as a percent of the average developer salary in a respondent’s country
来自20001份5年以上经验的回复。百分比指于回复者国家的平均开发薪资相比较的百分比。

Worldwide, participating in mentorship programs correlates with higher than average pay. Masters degrees and PhDs pay pretty well, too. Stay in school, kids.

全球范围内，参与导师相关的项目得到的薪资要超过平均薪资。硕士和博士学位的开发者薪水很客观。呆在学校里吧，孩子。

VIII. Companies公司

Industry（行业）

* Industry* Job Satisfaction by Industry

Software Products 软件产品
* 22.7%

Other (Please Specify) 其他
* 9.4%

Web Services网络服务
* 9.1%

Finance / Banking 金融／银行
* 8.6%

Consulting咨询
* 7.1%

Internet网络
* 6.8%

Media / Advertising 媒体／广告
* 5.1%

Healthcare卫生保健
* 4.5%

Education教育
* 3.8%

Telecommunications通信
* 3.6%

Consumer Products 消费品
* 3.4%

Government政府
* 3.1%

Manufacturing制造业
* 2.7%

Retail零售
* 2.6%

Gaming游戏
* 2.4%

Automotive汽车
* 2.0%

Defense网络防御
* 1.1%

Foundation / Non-Profit 基金／无盈利
* 1.0%

Aerospace航空
* 1.0%

39,785 responses 39785回复

More developers work in Software Products than any other industry. But code is everywhere, including a few thousand “other” industries (of which Insurance, Research, Travel, and Energy were tops).

相比其他行业，开发者们多工作在软件产品行业。但代码无处不在，包括其他几千个其他行业（保险，研究，旅游以及能源最多）。

Developers who work in Gaming are more likely to love their job than anyone else. Developers in Manufacturing and Finance tell us they are most likely to work with legacy code. Developers in Defense are likely to love their boss. Their boss is probably listening.

在游戏行业的开发者比其他的更爱自己的工作。在制造业和金融业的开发者说他们更多的是维护遗留下来的代码。在网络防御公司中的开发者更喜欢他们的老板。他们的老板或许在监听（着呢）。

Company Size公司规模

1 - 4 Employees
* 9.5%

5 - 9 Employees
* 7.8%

10 - 19 Employees
* 10.2%

20 - 99 Employees
* 22.0%

100 - 499 Employees
* 17.4%

500 - 999 Employees
* 5.9%

1,000 - 4,999 Employees
* 9.2%

5,000 - 9,999 Employees
* 3.5%

10,000+ Employees
* 12.0%

I am not part of a company
* 2.6%

39,139 responses 39139回复

The developer workforce is split in half between developers who work for companies with fewer than 100 employees and companies with more than 100 employees. About 25% of developers work at companies with more than 1,000 employees.

全体开发者们可以分成两部分，一部分工作在不足一百雇员的公司，一部分在超过100人的公司工作。大约有25%的开发者工作的公司雇员超过1000人。

IX. Teams团队

• Team Size by Developer Type* Lone Wolves

  不同职业开发的团队规模                独狼们

Engineering Manager 工程师经理
* 9.7

Quality Assurance 品质控制员
* 9.3

Product Manager 产品经理
* 8.7

Enterprise Level Services Developer企业级服务开发
* 8.3

Analyst分析师
* 8

Database Administrator数据库管理员
* 7.9

Executive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.)执行官，总裁（工程性副总裁，首席技术官，首席信息官）
* 7.7

Other其他
* 7.6

Business Intelligence or Data Warehousing Expert 商业智能或数据仓库专家
* 7.6

Embedded Application Developer 嵌入式开发
* 7.4

39,693 responses 39693回复

The lone-wolf developer is a myth, or at least extremely rare. 96% of developers say they work on a team. Developers who aren’t a traditional developer type are most likely to be lone wolves (Quality Assurance developers are least likely to work alone).

独狼开发者是假的，至少是极其稀少的。96%的开发者说他们在团队里工作。非传统的开发者最有可能成为独狼（品质控制员最不可能成为独狼。）

Women on Teams团队中的女性

* Top Percentage* Bottom Percentage    百分比最高的            百分比最低的

Analyst分析师
* 29.4%

Data Scientist 数据科学家
* 28.8%

Designer设计师
* 27.5%

Database Administrator 数据库管理员
* 25.5%

Quality Assurance 质量控制员
* 25.1%

45,561 responses, men only 45561回复，仅限男士投票

We asked respondents for the size of their team and how many women are on their team. The above chart shows responses from men. Analysts and Data scientists are most likely to work with a high percentage of women on their team. Embedded application developers and Desktop developers are least likely to work with a high percentage of women on their team. (Not shown: Quality assurance developers have the highest median count of women per team at 2.)

我们向回复者们询问他们团队大小以及有多少位女士在他们的团队。上面的图表显示的都是男士的回复。分析师和数据科学家最有可能和较多的女性在一个团队工作。嵌入式开发和桌面开发者团队的女性可能最少。（未展示（信息）：质量控制员女性数量中位数最高，平均每个团队两个）

X. Remote远程办公

Full-Time Remote 全部时间远程
* 12.1%

Part-Time Remote 一部分时间远程办公
* 17.6%

I Rarely Work Remotely 很少远程办公
* 48.4%

Never从不
* 22.0%

39,271 responses (no students) 39271个非学生的回复

About 12% of developers work remote full-time. 30% work remote part-time or full-time.

大约有12%的开发者全部都用远程工作的。30%一部分时间远程办公。

Remote Developers are More Experienced远程办公的开发者一般经验更多

< 1 Year 年
* 20.5%

1 - 2 Years
* 19.8%

2 - 5 Years
* 23.4%

6 - 10 Years
* 29.5%

11+ Years
* 40.0%

Developers with 11+ years experience are nearly twice as likely to work remote as developers with less than 5 years experience.

11年以上经验的开发者远程办公的概率大概是5年以下开发者的两倍。

Global Remote全球远程办公

Argentina阿根廷
* 46.5%

Mexico墨西哥
* 35.2%

United States美国
* 33.7%

Russia俄罗斯
* 33.0%

Finland芬兰
* 32.9%

Ukraine乌克兰
* 30.8%

Netherlands荷兰
* 30.2%

Poland波兰
* 29.5%

Spain西班牙
* 29.4%

South Africa南非
* 28.6%

Brazil巴西
* 28.3%

Canada加拿大
* 28.0%

India印度
* 27.1%

Australia澳大利亚
* 26.9%

Italy意大利
* 26.4%

Switzerland瑞士
* 26.4%

Denmark丹麦
* 26.2%

United Kingdom英国
* 25.3%

Germany德国
* 24.9%

Sweden瑞典
* 24.3%

Romania罗马尼啊
* 24.3%

France法国
* 23.5%

Among countries with 200 or more responses 每个国家至少两百名回复者

Developers in Argentina are far more likely to work remote than developers in any other country.

全球中，阿根廷远程办公的最多。

Remote Developers Love Their Jobs远程办公开发者对他们的工作喜爱程度

Full-Time Remote 全职远程
* 44.5%

Part-Time Remote 兼远程
* 35.7%

Rarely Work Remotely 很少远程
* 31.9%

Never Remote 从不远程
* 24.5%

Percent of developers who say they love their job 开发者们说喜欢他们自己的工作的百分比

Remote developers are more likely to love their job than other developers. Do you work from home? Do you want to? We’ve got plenty of job opportunities for you to check out if so.

远程办公的开发者更喜欢他们的工作些。你在家工作吗》你想这么做么？如果你喜欢，我们这有一大批的工作机会等着你来查看呢。

XI. Checking-in Code检查代码

Multiple Times a Day 一天多次
* 57.0%

Once a Day 一天一次
* 10.6%

A Couple Times a Week 一周几次
* 17.7%

A Few Times a Month 一月几次
* 5.9%

I Never Check-in or Commit Code从不检查或者提交代码
* 3.3%

I Don’t “Check-in or Commit Code”, but I do put Code into Production Somewhat Frequently 我不检查或提交代码，但我频繁将代码投入生产
* 4.2%

Other (Please Specify) 其他（请写的具体点）
* 1.4%

46,599 responses 46599份回复

57% of developers tell us they check-in or commit code multiple times per day.

57%的开发者告诉我们他们一天检查或提交几次代码。

Developers Who Code are Happy Developers敲代码的谁是快乐的呢？

I Never Check-in or Commit Code 从不检查或提交代码
* 65.4%

A Few Times a Month 一个月几次
* 66.0%

A Couple Times a Week 一周几次
* 71.3%

Once a Day 一天一次
* 72.7%

Multiple Times a Day 一天几次
* 76.5%

Percent of developers who love their job. 37,588 responses 喜欢自己工作人所占的百分比。37588份回复。
Overall, there’s a strong correlation between job satisfaction and pushing code into production. 65% of developers who never check in code are satisfied at their jobs vs. 77% satisfaction rate among developers who commit code multiple times per day. Developers want to code! (Or maybe happy developers just commit more than everyone else.)

大体上来说，工作满意度和将代码投入生产是有很强的关联的。那些开发者从不检查代码的有65%的对自己工作满意，相比之下每天提交几次代码的开发者有77%的人满意自己的工作。开发者喜欢敲代码！（又或者可能是满意自己工作的开发者更喜欢提交代码吧。）

Community社区

These are the developers who help other developers build.这儿有些愿意帮助他人开发的开发者。

I. Visit Frequency访问频率

Multiple times a day 一天多次
* 56.5%

Once a day 一天一次
* 21.8%

Once a week 一星期一次
* 14.8%

Once a month 一月一次
* 3.0%

Very rarely 很少
* 3.0%

I have never been on Stack Overflow. I just love taking surveys. 我从没有上过Stack Overflow。不过我喜欢讨论调查。
* 0.8%

46,165 responses 46165回复

Over half of developers say they visit Stack Overflow multiple times a day, and 78% of developers tell us they visit Stack Overflow daily.

超过半数开发者说他们访问Stack Overflow一天几次，有78%的开发者说他们每天都上Stack Overflow。

II. Motivation动力

Get help for my job 获取工作上的帮助
* 76.0%

Because I love to learn 我喜欢学习
* 61.9%

Give help to others 帮助他人
* 46.1%

Receive help on my personal projects在个人项目上获得帮助
* 41.3%

Because I can’t do my job without It 少了它我没法工作
* 19.1%

Communicate with others like me和其他像我一样的人讨论
* 17.9%

Maintain an Online Presence 维持一个在线状态
* 12.5%

Demonstrate that I’m Good at what I do 去显示一下我很行
* 11.7%

Discover New Job Opportunities 发现新的工作机会
* 9.4%

Other其他
* 3.0%

I don’t really use Stack Overflow. I just take surveys. 我并不是真的Stack Overflow的使用者。我只是喜欢参与调查。
* 2.5%

42,134 responses 42134回复

The vast majority of developers use Stack Overflow to get help for their job. Most also use Stack Overflow because they love to learn.

绝大多数开发者用Stack Overflow来获取工作上的帮助。大多数用Stack Overflow的用户是因为他们喜欢学习。

III. Asking and Answering问答

• All Time* 2015* Survey Respondents
  调查反馈者

Questions问题
* 12,752,425

Answers回答
* 18,974,395

12.3 million questions have been asked, and 18.4 million answers submitted since Stack Overflow was founded in 2009. In 2015, 2.7 million questions were asked on Stack Overflow. 3.2 million answers were submitted.

自从在2009年Stack Overflow成立以来，（用户们共）问了1230w个问题，提交了18.4w回答。在2015年，（用户们）在Stack Overflow问了270万问题，提交了320份答案。

More than 27,000 respondents gave us their user profile information. We looked it up: they’ve asked 383,445 questions and submitted 2,804,051 answers. Those questions and answers have helped millions of developers. You might be one of them.

超过27000个反馈者给了我们他们的个人信息简介。我们查了一下信息：我们问了383445个问题，提交了2804051的个答案。这些问题和答案帮助了很多很多的开发者。你或许就是其中之一。

Reputation名声

* Respondents回复者    * Active Last Month on Stack Overflow上个月在Stack Overflow还有活动的

Rep isn’t just fake internet points – it’s a proxy for how many people you’ve helped.

名声并不只是假的网络点数而已，它代表了你帮助了多少人。

If you’re part of the 96% of developers who get help here at least once a month and want to pay it forward, start by signing up.

如果你是那些96%的至少每月获得一些帮助的开发者的一员，要是你愿意花点钱更进一步，马上注册开始吧。

Ps:由于最开始用采用的是印象笔记写的，如有兴趣，欢迎下载，link：http://download.csdn.net/detail/lilingok/9719046