x4412开发板&ibox卡片电脑项目实战7-Linux内核的引导

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linux的启动框架如下:


linux的内核映像文件zImage本身是一个压缩的文件,在arch/arm/boot/Makefile中,我们可以找到如下语句:

$(obj)/zImage:     $(obj)/compressed/vmlinux FORCE         $(call if_changed,objcopy)         @echo '  Kernel: $@ is ready'

可见,zImage是由arch\arm\boot\compressed\vmlinux二进制文件转化而来。在arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile中,有如下语句:

$(obj)/vmlinux: $(obj)/vmlinux.lds $(obj)/$(HEAD) $(obj)/piggy.$(suffix_y).o \                 $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(OBJS)) $(lib1funcs) FORCE         $(call if_changed,ld) $(obj)/piggy.$(suffix_y): $(obj)/../Image FORCE         $(call if_changed,$(suffix_y)) $(obj)/piggy.$(suffix_y).o:  $(obj)/piggy.$(suffix_y) FORCE

 由此可以分析得知,zImage是由vmlinux.ldshead.omisc.o以及压缩的内核piggy.gzip.o组成。也就是说,zImage文件即包含了未压缩部分,如head.o,misc.o,也包含了压缩的部分,如piggy.gzip.o。那么,zImage的程序入口在哪里呢?
       arch\arm\boot\compressed\vmlinux.lds中,可以看到其框架如下:

OUTPUT_ARCH(arm)ENTRY(_start)SECTIONS{……  . = 0;  _text = .;   .text : {    _start = .;    *(.start)    *(.text)    *(.text.*)    *(.fixup)    *(.gnu.warning)    *(.rodata)    *(.rodata.*)    *(.glue_7)    *(.glue_7t)    *(.piggydata)    . = ALIGN(4);  }……}
      可以看出,其入口点为_start,程序arch\arm\boot\compressed\head.S会首先被执行,在head.S中,程序执行了一堆准备工作后,开始调用misc.c中的decompress_kernel函数,开始解压内核。其函数如下:

voiddecompress_kernel(unsigned long output_start, unsigned long free_mem_ptr_p,                   unsigned long free_mem_ptr_end_p,                   int arch_id){         int ret;          output_data                   = (unsigned char *)output_start;         free_mem_ptr               = free_mem_ptr_p;         free_mem_end_ptr        = free_mem_ptr_end_p;         __machine_arch_type   = arch_id;          arch_decomp_setup();          putstr("Uncompressing Linux...");         ret = do_decompress(input_data, input_data_end - input_data,                                output_data, error);         if (ret)                   error("decompressor returned an error");         else                   putstr(" done, booting the kernel.\n");}
这里有几句经典的打印信息:

Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.
执行完这个后,程序将会跳到init/main.c中,执行经典的start_kernel函数。start_kernel()会调用一系列初始化函数来设置中断,执行进一步的内存配置等,其函数原型如下:

asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void){         char * command_line;         extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];          smp_setup_processor_id();//返回启动的CPU的ID号,如为单核则什么也不做          /*          * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the          * lockdep hash:          */         lockdep_init();         debug_objects_early_init();          /*          * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:          */         boot_init_stack_canary();          cgroup_init_early();          local_irq_disable();//关闭当前CPU的中断         early_boot_irqs_disabled = true; /* * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then * enable them */         tick_init();         boot_cpu_init();         page_address_init();//初始化页地址,使用链表将其链接起来         printk(KERN_NOTICE "%s", linux_banner);//打印内核版本信息         setup_arch(&command_line);//设置体系结构,由内核根目录的Makefile决定         mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);         mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);         setup_command_line(command_line);         setup_nr_cpu_ids();         setup_per_cpu_areas();         smp_prepare_boot_cpu();      /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */          build_all_zonelists(NULL);         page_alloc_init();          printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);//打印命令行信息         parse_early_param();//解析内核选项         parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,                      __stop___param - __start___param,                      &unknown_bootoption);         /*          * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede          * kmem_cache_init()          */         setup_log_buf(0);         pidhash_init();         vfs_caches_init_early();         sort_main_extable();         trap_init();         mm_init();          /*          * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the          * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()          * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.          */         sched_init();//进程调度器初始化         /*          * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely          * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.          */         preempt_disable();//禁止内核抢占         if (!irqs_disabled()) {//检查中断是否已经打开,如果已经打开,则关闭中断                   printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "                                     "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");                   local_irq_disable();         }         idr_init_cache();         perf_event_init();         rcu_init();//初始化RCU(Read-Copy Update)机制         radix_tree_init();         /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */         early_irq_init();         init_IRQ();//中断向量初始化         prio_tree_init();         init_timers();//初始化定时器相关的数据结构         hrtimers_init();//对高精度时钟进行初始化         softirq_init();//初始化tasklet_softirq和hi_softirq         timekeeping_init();         time_init();//初始化系统时钟源         profile_init();//对内核的profile(一个内核性能调式工具)功能进行初始化         call_function_init();         if (!irqs_disabled())                   printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "                                      "enabled early\n");         early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;         local_irq_enable();          /* Interrupts are enabled now so all GFP allocations are safe. */         gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;          kmem_cache_init_late();          /*          * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before          * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of          * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.          */         console_init();// 初始化控制台以显示printk的内容,在此之前调用的printk只是把数据存到缓冲区里         if (panic_later)                   panic(panic_later, panic_param);          lockdep_info();          /*          * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants          * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs          * too:          */         locking_selftest(); #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD         if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&             page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {                   printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "                       "disabling it.\n",                       page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),                       min_low_pfn);                   initrd_start = 0;         }#endif         page_cgroup_init();         enable_debug_pagealloc();         debug_objects_mem_init();         kmemleak_init();         setup_per_cpu_pageset();         numa_policy_init();         if (late_time_init)                   late_time_init();         sched_clock_init();         calibrate_delay();         pidmap_init();         anon_vma_init();#ifdef CONFIG_X86         if (efi_enabled)                   efi_enter_virtual_mode();#endif         thread_info_cache_init();         cred_init();         fork_init(totalram_pages);         proc_caches_init();         buffer_init();         key_init();         security_init();         dbg_late_init();         vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);//虚拟文件系统的初始化         signals_init();         /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */         page_writeback_init();#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS         proc_root_init();#endif         cgroup_init();         cpuset_init();         taskstats_init_early();         delayacct_init();          check_bugs();          acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */         sfi_init_late();          ftrace_init();          /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */         rest_init();}

start_kernel函数大致执行任务如下:
输出Linux版本信息,设置与体系结构相关的环境,页表结构初始化,初始化系统IRQ,核心进程调度器初始化,时间、定时器初始化,提取并分析核心启动参数,控制台初始化,剖析器数据结构初始化,核心Cache初始化,延迟校准,内存初始化,创建文件,目录cache,创建与虚拟内存相关的cache,块设备读写缓冲区初始化,创建页cache,创建信号队列cache,初始化内存inode表,创建内存文件描述符表,检查体系结构,SMP机器除引导CPU之外的CPU初始化,创建第一个核心线程,调用init函数,调用cpu_idle()等待调度。
作为核心线程的init()函数完成外设及其驱动程序的加载和初始化,挂接根文件系统。init()打开/dev/console设备,重定向stdin、stdout和stderr到控制台。之后,它搜索文件系统中的init程序(也可以由“init=”命令行参数指定init程序),并使用execve()系统调用执行init程序。搜索init程序的顺序为/sbin/init、/etc/init、/bin/init 和/bin/sh。在嵌入式系统中,多数情况下,可以给内核传入一个简单的shell脚本来启动必需的嵌入式应用程序。
至此,漫长的 Linux 内核引导和启动过程就结束了,而init()对应的由start_kernel()
创建的第一个线程也进入用户模式。



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