Handler 系列二:通信

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承接上一篇Handler系列一,上篇主要总结了Handler如何通信,这篇来介绍Handler怎么通信。

  • Handler的通信机制

  • Handler,Looper,MessageQueue如何关联

Handler 通信机制

  • 创建Handler,并采用当前线程的Looper创建消息循环系统;

  • Handler通过sendMessage(Message)或Post(Runnable)发送消息,调用enqueueMessage把消息插入到消息链表中;

  • Looper循环检测消息队列中的消息,若有消息则取出该消息,并调用该消息持有的handler的dispatchMessage方法,回调到创建Handler线程中重写的handleMessage里执行。

Handler 如何关联 Looper、MessageQueue

Handler及其关联的类图

以上类图可以快速帮助我们理清Handler与Looper、MessageQueue的关系,以下从源码的角度慢慢分析:

1、Handler 发送消息

上一段很熟悉的代码:

 Message msg =Message.obtain();  //从全局池中返回一个message实例,避免多次创建message(如new Message) msg.obj = data; msg.what=1;   //标志消息的标志 handler.sendMessage(msg);    

从sendMessageQueue开始追踪,函数调用关系:sendMessage -> sendMessageDelayed ->sendMessageAtTime,在sendMessageAtTime中,携带者传来的message与Handler的mQueue一起通过enqueueMessage进入队列了。

对于postRunnable而言,通过post投递该runnable,调用getPostMessage,通过该runnable构造一个message,再通过 sendMessageDelayed投递,接下来和sendMessage的流程一样了。

2、消息入队列

在enqueueMessage中,通过MessageQueue入队列,并为该message的target赋值为当前的handler对象,记住msg.target很重要,之后Looper取出该消息时,还需要由msg.target.dispatchMessage回调到该handler中处理消息。

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {    msg.target = this;    if (mAsynchronous) {        msg.setAsynchronous(true);    }    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);}

在MessageQueue中,由Message的消息链表进行入队列

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {    if (msg.target == null) {        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");    }    if (msg.isInUse()) {        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");    }    synchronized (this) {        if (mQuitting) {            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);            msg.recycle();            return false;        }        msg.markInUse();        msg.when = when;        Message p = mMessages;        boolean needWake;        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {            // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.            msg.next = p;            mMessages = msg;            needWake = mBlocked;        } else {            // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake            // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue            // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();            Message prev;            for (;;) {                prev = p;                p = p.next;                if (p == null || when < p.when) {                    break;                }                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {                    needWake = false;                }            }            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next            prev.next = msg;        }        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.        if (needWake) {            nativeWake(mPtr);        }    }    return true;}

3、Looper 处理消息

再说处理消息之前,先看Looper是如何构建与获取的:
  • 构造Looper时,构建消息循环队列,并获取当前线程

       private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {       mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);         mThread = Thread.currentThread();   }   
  • 但该函数是私有的,外界不能直接构造一个Looper,而是通过Looper.prepare来构造的:

     public static void prepare() {     prepare(true); }  private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {   if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {       throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");   }   sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); }    
  • 这里创建Looper,并把Looper对象保存在sThreadLocal中,那sThreadLocal是什么呢?

    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();

    它是一个保存Looper的TheadLocal实例,而ThreadLocal是线程私有的数据存储类,可以来保存线程的Looper对象,这样Handler就可以通过ThreadLocal来保存于获取Looper对象了。

  • TheadLocal 如何保存与获取Looper?

     public void set(T value) {   Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();   Values values = values(currentThread);   if (values == null) {       values = initializeValues(currentThread);   }   values.put(this, value); } public T get() {   // Optimized for the fast path.   Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();   Values values = values(currentThread);   if (values != null) {       Object[] table = values.table;       int index = hash & values.mask;       if (this.reference == table[index]) {           return (T) table[index + 1];       }   } else {       values = initializeValues(currentThread);   }   return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this); }

在 set 中都是通过 values.put 保存当前线程的 Looper 实例,通过 values.getAfterMiss(this)获取,其中putgetAfterMiss都有keyvalue,都是由Value对象的table数组保存的,那么在table数组里怎么存的呢?

  table[index] = key.reference;  table[index + 1] = value;

很显然在数组中,前一个保存着ThreadLocal对象引用的索引,后一个存储传入的Looper实例。

接下来看Looper在loop中如何处理消息

loop中,一个循环,通过next取出MessageQueue中的消息

  • 若取出的消息为null,则结束循环,返回。

    • 设置消息为空,可以通过MessageQueue的quit和quitSafely方法通知消息队列退出。

  • 若取出的消息不为空,则通过msg.target.dispatchMessage回调到handler中去。

public static void loop() {    final Looper me = myLooper();    if (me == null) {        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");    }    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;    // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,    // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();    for (;;) {        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block        if (msg == null) {            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.            return;        }        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger        Printer logging = me.mLogging;        if (logging != null) {            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);        }        msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);        if (logging != null) {            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);        }        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();        if (ident != newIdent) {            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
  • Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"

  • Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "

  • msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "

  • msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);

            }        msg.recycleUnchecked();    }}

4、handler处理消息

Looper把消息回调到handler的dispatchMessage中进行消息处理:

  • 若该消息有callback,即通过Post(Runnable)的方式投递消息,因为在投递runnable时,把runnable对象赋值给了message的callback

  • 若handler的mCallback不为空,则交由通过callback创建handler方式去处理。

  • 否则,由最常见创建handler对象的方式,在重写handlerMessage中处理。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {    if (msg.callback != null) {        handleCallback(msg);    } else {        if (mCallback != null) {            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {                return;            }        }        handleMessage(msg);    }}    

总结

以一个时序图来总结handler的消息机制,包含上述如何关联Looper和MessageQueue的过程。

Handler-Looper-MessageQueue时序图

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