PLSQL语言（一）

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第一课：客户端
1. Sql Plus(客户端），命令行直接输入：sqlplus，然后按提示输入用户名，密码。
2. 从开始程序运行:sqlplus，是图形版的sqlplus.
3. http://localhost:5560/isqlplus
Toad：管理， PlSql Developer:
第二课：更改用户
1. sqlplus sys/bjsxt as sysdba
2. alter user scott account unlock;(解锁)
第三课：table structure
1. 描述某一张表：desc 表名
2. select * from 表名
第四课：select 语句：
1.计算数据可以用空表：比如：.select 2*3 from dual
2.select ename,sal*12 annual_sal from emp;与select ename,sal*12 "annual sal" from emp;区别，加双引号保持原大小写。不加全变大写。
3. select ename || "abcd" 如果连接字符串中含有单引号，用两个单引号代替一个单引号。
第五课：distinct
select deptno from emp;
select distinct deptno from emp;
select distinct deptno from emp;
select distinct deptno ,job from emp
去掉deptno,job两者组合的重复。更多的项，就是这么多项的组合的不重复组合。
第六课：Where
select * from emp where deptno =10;
select * from emp where deptno <>10;不等于10
select * from emp where ename ='bike';
select ename,sal from emp where sal between 800 and 1500 (>=800 and <=1500)
空值处理:
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is (not) null;
select ename,sal,comm from emp where ename ( not)in ('smith','king','abc');
select ename from emp where ename like '_A%';_代表一个字母,%代表0个或多个字母. 如果查询%
可用转义字符./%. 还可以用escape '$'比如:select ename from emp where ename like '%$a%' escape '$';
第七课: orderby
select * from dept;
select * from dept order by dept desc;(默认:asc)
select ename,sal,deptno from emp order by deptno asc,ename desc;
第八课: sql function1:
select ename,sal*12 annual_sal from emp
where ename not like '_A%' and sal>800
order by sal desc;
select lower(ename) from emp;
select ename from emp
where lower(ename) like '_a%';等同于
select ename from emp where ename like '_a%' or ename like '_A%';
select substr(ename,2,3) from emp;从第二字符截,一共截三个字符.
select chr(65) from dual 结果为:A
select ascii('a') from dual 结果为:65
select round(23.652,1) from dual; 结果为: 23.7
select round(23.652,-1) from dual; 20
select to_char(sal,'$99_999_999') from emp;
select to_char(sal,'L99_999_999') from emp;人民币符号,L:代表本地符号
这个需要掌握牢:
select birthdate from emp;
显示为:
BIRTHDATE
----------------
17-12月-80
----------------
改为:
select to_char(birthdate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') from emp;
显示:
BIRTHDATE
-------------------
1980-12-17 12:00:00
-------------------
select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') from dual; //也可以改为:HH12
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY
-------------------
2007-02-25 14:46:14
to_date函数:
select ename,birthdate from emp where birthdate > to_date('1981-2-20 12:34:56','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');
如果直接写 birthdate>'1981-2-20 12:34:56'会出现格式不匹配,因为表中的格式为: DD-MM月-YY.
select sal from emp where sal>888.88 无错.但
select sal from emp where sal>$1,250,00;
会出现无效字符错误.
改为:
select sal from emp where sal>to_number('$1.250.00','$9,999,99');
把空值改为0
select ename,sal*12+nvl(comm,0) from emp;
这样可以防止comm为空时,sal*12相加也为空的情况.
第九课: Group function 组函数
max,min,avg ,count,sum函数
select to_char(avg(sal),'99999999,99') from emp;
select round(avg(sal),2) from emp;
结果:2073.21
select count(*) from emp where deptno=10;
select count(ename) from emp where deptno=10; count某个字段,如果这个字段不为空就算一个.
select count(distinct deptno) from emp;
select sum(sal) from emp;
第十课: Group by语句
需求:现在想求,求每个部门的平均薪水.
select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
select deptno avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
select deptno,job,max(sal) from emp group by deptno,job;
求薪水值最高的人的名字.
select ename,max(sal) from emp;出错,因为max只有一个值,但等于max值的人可能好几个,不能匹配.
应如下求:
select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
Group by语句应注意,
出现在select中的字段,如果没出现在组函数中,必须出现在Group by语句中.
第十一课: Having 对分组结果筛选
Where是对单条纪录进行筛选,Having是对分组结果进行筛选.
select avg(sal),deptno from emp
group by deptno
having avg(sal)>2000;
查询工资大于1200雇员,按部门编号进行分组,分组后平均薪水大于1500,按工薪倒充排列.
select * from emp
where sal>1200
group by deptno
having avg(sal)>1500
order by avg(sal) desc;
第十二课:字查询
谁挣的钱最多(谁:这个人的名字, 钱最多)
select 语句中嵌套select 语句,可以在where,from后.
问那些人工资,在平均工资之上.
select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
查找每个部门挣钱最多的那个人的名字.
select ename ,deptno from emp where sal in(select max(sal) from ename group by deptno) 查询会多值.
应该如下:
select max(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno;当成一个表.语句如下:
select ename, sal from emp join(select max(sal) max_sal,deptno from emp group
by deptno) t on(emp.sal=t.max_sal and emp.deptno=t.deptno);
每个部门的平均薪水的等级.
分析:首先求平均薪水(当成表),把平均薪水和另外一张表连接.
第十四课:self_table_connection
把某个人的名字以及他的经理人的名字求出来(经理人及这个人在表中同处一行)
分析:首先求出这个人的名字,取他的编号,然后从另一张表与其相对应编号,然后找到经理的名字.
select e1.ename ,e2.ename from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.mgr= e2.empno.
empno编号和MGR都是编号.
第十15课: SQL1999_table_connections
select ename,dname,grade from emp e,dept d, sqlgrade s
where e.deptno = d.deptno and e.sql between s.losal and s.hisal and
job<>'CLERK';
有没有办法把过滤条件和连接条件分开来? 出于这样考虑,Sql1999标准推出来了.有许多人用的还是
旧的语法,所以得看懂这种语句.
select ename,dname from emp,dept;(旧标准).
select ename,dname from emp cross join dept;(1999标准)
select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno (旧)
select ename,dname from emp join dept on(emp.deptno = dept.deptno); 1999标准.没有Where语句.
select ename,dname from emp join dept using(deptno);等同上句,但不推荐使用.
select ename,grade from emp e join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal);
join 连接语句, on过滤条件。连接，条件一眼分开。如果用Where语句较长时，连接语句和过滤语句混在一起。
三张表连接：
slect ename,dname, grade from
emp e join dept d on(e.deptno=d.deptno)
join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
where ename not like '_A%';
把每张表连接条件不混在一起，然后数据过滤条件全部区分开来。读起来更清晰，更容易懂一点。
select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.mgr = e2.emptno);
左外连接：会把左边这张表多余数据显示出来。
select e1.ename,e2,ename from emp e1 left join emp e2 on(e1.mgr =e2.empno);left 后可加outer
右外连接：
select ename,dname from emp e right outer join dept d on(e.deptno =d.deptno); outer可以取掉。
即把左边多余数据，也把右边多余数据拿出来，全外连接。
select ename,dname from emp e full join dept d on(e.deptno =d.deptno);
16-23 课：求部门平均薪水的等级
A.求部门平均薪水的等级。
select deptno,avg_sal,grade from
(select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t
join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
B.求部门平均的薪水等级
select deptno,avg(grade) from
(select deptno,ename, grade from emp join salgrade s on(emp.sal between s.losal and
s.hisal)) t
group by deptno
C.那些人是经理
select ename from emp where empno in(select mgr from emp);
select ename from emp where empno in(select distinct mgr from emp);
D.不准用组函数，求薪水的最高值（面试题）
select distinct sal from emp where sal not in(
select distinct e1.sal from emp e1 join emp e2 on (e1.sal<e2.sal));
E.平均薪水最高的部门编号
select deptno,avg_sal from
(select avg(sal)avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno)
where avg_sal=
(select max(avg_sal)from
(select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno)
)
F.平均薪水最高的部门名称
select dname from dept where deptno=
(
select deptno from
(select avg(sal)avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno)
where avg_sal=
(select max(avg_sal)from
(select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno)
)
)
G.求平均薪水的等级最低的部门的部门名称
组函数嵌套
如：平均薪水最高的部门编号，可以E.更简单的方法如下：
select deptno,avg_sal from
(select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno)
where avg_sal =
(select max(avg(sal)) from emp group by deptno)
组函数最多嵌套两层
分析：
首先求
1.平均薪水： select avg(sal) from group by deptno;
2.平均薪水等级：把平均薪水当做一张表，需要和另外一张表连接salgrade
select deptno,grade avg_sal from
( select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t
join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
上面结果又可当成一张表。
DEPTNO GRADE AVG_SAL
-------- ------- ----------
30 3 1566.66667
20 4 2175
10 4 2916.66667
3.求上表平均等级最低值
select min(grade) from
(
select deptno,grade,avg_sal from
(select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t
join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisa)
)
4.把最低值对应的2结果的那张表的对应那张表的deptno, 然后把2对应的表和另外一张表做连接。
select dname ,deptno,grade,avg_sal from
(
select deptno,grade,avg_sal from
(select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t
join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
) t1
join dept on (t1.deptno = dept.deptno)
where t1.grade =
(
select deptno,grade,avg_sal from
(select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t
join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
)
)
结果如下：
DNAME DEPTNO GRADE AVG_SAL
-------- ------- -------- --------
SALES 30 3 1566.6667
H: 视图（视图就是一张表，一个字查询）
G中语句有重复，可以用视图来简化。
conn sys/bjsxt as sysdba;
grant create table,create view to scott;
conn scott/tiger
创建视图：
create view v$_dept_avg-sal_info as
select deptno,grade,avg_sal from
( select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t
join salgrade s on 9t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal)
然后
select * from v$_dept_avg-sal_info
结果如下：
DEPTNO GRADE AVG_SAL
-------- ------- ----------
30 3 1566.66667
20 4 2175
10 4 2916.66667
然后G中查询可以简化成：
select dname,t1.deptno,grade,avg_sal from
v$_dept_avg-sal_info t1
join dept on9t1.deptno =dept.deptno)
where t1.grade=
(
select min(grade) from v$_dept_avg-sal_info t1
)