struts2基础——需要注意的几点

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struts是流行和成熟的基于MVC设计模式的web应用程序框架,使用struts可以帮助我们减少运用MVC设计模型来开发web应用的时间。

目录:

一、struts2的工作原理及文件结构

二、三种访问Servlet API的方式

三、struts接收参数的三种方式

四、自定义拦截器

一、struts2的工作原理及文件结构

注:FilterDispatcher被替成StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter(如果使用FilterDispatcher过滤器时,程序员自己写的Filter过滤器必须放在所有过滤器的前面。而StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter过滤器可以让程序员在执行action之前写自己的Filter)

描述Struts流程:

网页产生HttpServletRequest请求->经过多个过滤器->到达ActionMaaper,判断是否是action请求(如果是)->通过StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter过滤器到达Actionproxy,一方面通过configuration Manager(配置管理器)读取struts.xml文档,另一方面创建一个实例,经过一系列的拦截器->执行到Action->返回result(对应了视图)->经过一系列的拦截器(逆序)->通过HttpServletResponse返回到用户实例。

二、三种访问servlet API的方法

struts2中没有提供任何一个servlet对象,不存在HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse对象。但是Struts2提供了三种方式间接的去访问Servlet API

1、ActionContext

通过ActionContext的getContext()静态方法获取ActionContext对象,通过ActionContext对象的一些getSession(),getApplication(),put()等方法,但是千万要注意的是,get获取到的对象都为Map键值对类型。com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext

 1 public String execute() { 2         if ("ping".equals(username)) { 3             /* 4              * ActionContext可以获得Servlet对象 但是无法获得response响应对象获得 5              * 获得的request、session、Application 都是Map类型 6              */ 7  8             ActionContext.getContext().put("用户名", username); 9             Map session=ActionContext.getContext().getSession();10             Map application=ActionContext.getContext().getApplication();11             Map request=(Map)ActionContext.getContext().get(StrutsStatics.HTTP_REQUEST);12         } else {13             ActionContext.getContext().put("info", "信息");14         }15         return SUCCESS;16     }

2、ServletActionContext

通过调用ServletActionContext类的一些包括getResponse(),getRequest(),getServletContext()等在内的静态方法,这些静态方法的返回类型是和Servlet中的对象类型是一一对应的。其中getResponse()返回类型为HttpServletResponse,getRequest()返回类型为HttpServletRequest().

 1 public String execute2() throws IOException { 2         if ("ping".equals(username)) {  3             HttpServletResponse response=ServletActionContext.getResponse(); 4             HttpServletRequest request=ServletActionContext.getRequest(); 5             HttpSession session=ServletActionContext.getRequest().getSession(); 6             ServletContext application=ServletActionContext.getServletContext(); 7         } else { 8              9         }10         System.out.println(username);11         return SUCCESS;12     }

3、实现xxxAware接口

(1)实现ServletRequestAware,ServletResponseAware,ServletSessionAware  

 1 public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport implements ServletRequestAware 2  3  4 private HttpServletRequest request; 5 //需实现方法 public void setServletRequest(HttpServletRequest request) { this.request=request; } //response示例 6 public String execute1() throws IOException { 7         if ("ping".equals(username)) { 8             response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");    9             PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();   10             out.print("<script type='text/javascript'>alert('验证码输入错误!')</script>");   11             out.print("<script type='text/javascript'>location.href='/index.jsp'</script>");   12             out.flush();   13             out.close();  14         } else {15             response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");   16             PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();   17             out.print("<script type='text/javascript'>alert('验证码输入错误!')</script>");   18             out.flush();   19             out.close();  20         }21         System.out.println(username);22         return SUCCESS;23     }

(2)实现RequestWare、SessionWare、ApplicationWare等接口

public class LoginAction2 extends ActionSupport implements RequestAware,SessionAware, ApplicationAware {        private Map<String, Object> request;    private Map<String, Object> session;    private Map<String, Object> application;        //DI dependency injection    //IoC inverse of control    public String execute() {        request.put("r1", "r1");        session.put("s1", "s1");        application.put("a1", "a1");        return SUCCESS;     }    @Override    public void setRequest(Map<String, Object> request) {        this.request = request;    }    @Override    public void setSession(Map<String, Object> session) {        this.session = session;    }    @Override    public void setApplication(Map<String, Object> application) {        this.application = application;    }        }

三、struts三种接收参数方式

Struts有三种方式接收参数,且这三种方式都是自动完成赋值的setter方法。

1、使用Action的属性接收参数

代码:

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC      "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.3//EN"           "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.3.dtd">       <struts><package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">  <action name="LoginAction" method="login" class="com.third.LoginAction1">    <result>/loginSuccess.jsp</result>  </action></package></struts>

login.jsp(登陆提示页面)

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Insert title here</title></head><body><h1>login page</h1>    <form action="LoginAction.action" method="post">       <table>          <tr>             <td>username:</td>             <td><input type="text" name="username"/></td>          </tr>           <tr>             <td>password:</td>             <td><input type="password" name="password"/></td>          </tr>                 <tr>              <td><input type="submit" value="submit"></td>             <td><input type="reset" value="reset"></td>          </tr>                 </table>        </form></body></html>

loginSuccess.jsp(登陆成功提示界面)

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>login success!</title></head><body><h1>login success!</h1></body></html>

LoginAction.java

 1 package com.third; 2  3 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; 4  5 public class LoginAction1 extends ActionSupport { 6  7     private String username; 8     private String password; 9     10     public String login(){
//这里能够打印出来传入的值,则说明能够自动调用setter方法完成赋值
11 System.out.println("username:"+username+" password:"+password);12 return SUCCESS;13 }14 15 public String getUsername() {16 return username;17 }18 19 public void setUsername(String username) {20 this.username = username;21 }22 23 public String getPassword() {24 return password;25 }26 27 public void setPassword(String password) {28 this.password = password;29 }30 31 }

运行结果截图:

 

2、使用DomainModel接收参数

注:这里在表单传值是,必须指明这个属性值,到底穿个action中的那个引用,例如user.username.

代码:

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd"><struts>      <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">      <action name="LoginAction" method="login" class="com.third.LoginAction">        <result>/loginSuccess.jsp</result>      </action>   </package>  </struts>  

login.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'login.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>  <h1>login page!</h1>   <form action="LoginAction.action" method="post">       <table>          <tr>             <td>username:</td>             <td><input type="text" name="user.username"/></td>          </tr>           <tr>             <td>password:</td>             <td><input type="password" name="user.password"/></td>          </tr>                 <tr>              <td><input type="submit" value="submit"></td>             <td><input type="reset" value="reset"></td>          </tr>              </table>       </form>  </body></html>

loginSuccess.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'loginSuccess.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>      <h1>login success!</h1>  </body></html>

User.java

package com.third;public class User {    private String username;    private String password;            public String getUsername() {        return username;    }    public void setUsername(String username) {        this.username = username;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    }

LoginAction.java

 1 package com.third; 2  3 import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext; 4  5 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext; 6 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; 7 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.Context; 8  9 public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport {10 11     private User user;12     public User getUser() {13         return user;14     }15 16     public void setUser(User user) {17         this.user = user;18     }19     public String login(){
//这里可以打印出传入的值的话,Action完成了自动调用setter方法赋值
20 System.out.println("username:"+user.getUsername()+" password:"+this.getUser().getPassword());21 return SUCCESS;22 }23 24 }

运行结果截图:

3、使用ModelDriven接受参数

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd"><struts>      <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">      <action name="LoginAction" method="login" class="com.third.LoginAction">        <result>/loginSuccess.jsp</result>      </action>   </package>  </struts>    

login.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'login.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>  <h1>login page!</h1>   <form action="LoginAction.action" method="post">       <table>          <tr>             <td>username:</td>             <td><input type="text" name="username"/></td>          </tr>           <tr>             <td>password:</td>             <td><input type="password" name="password"/></td>          </tr>                 <tr>              <td><input type="submit" value="submit"></td>             <td><input type="reset" value="reset"></td>          </tr>              </table>       </form>  </body></html>

loginSuccess.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'loginSuccess.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>      <h1>login success!</h1>  </body></html>

User.java

package com.third;public class User {    private String username;    private String password;            public String getUsername() {        return username;    }    public void setUsername(String username) {        this.username = username;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    }

LoginAction.java

package com.third;import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;import com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.Context;public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport implements ModelDriven<User> {    private User user=new User();    public String login(){
//这里打印出传入的参数值,说明自动调用setter方法赋值 System.out.println(
"username:"+user.getUsername()+" password:"+user.getPassword()); return SUCCESS; } @Override public User getModel() { return user; } }

运行结果截图:

 

四、自定义拦截器

注:特别要注意在使用拦截的器的时候,使用表单传值,会导致Action中获得的属性的值为null,或是其他的默认的初始化值。

1、实现Interceptor接口

-void init()方法:初始化拦截器所需要的资源

-void destory()方法:释放init()中分配的资源

-String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation)throws Exception:实现拦截器功能,利用ActionInvocation参数获取Action状态,返回result字符串作为逻辑视图。

代码:

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd"><struts>      <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">   <!--注册拦截器  -->      <interceptors>         <interceptor name="timefigureFilter" class="com.third.TimeInterceptor">         </interceptor>      </interceptors>            <action name="LoginAction" method="login" class="com.third.LoginAction">        <result>/loginSuccess.jsp</result>        <interceptor-ref name="timefigureFilter"></interceptor-ref>      </action>   </package>  </struts>    

login.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'login.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>  <h1>login page!</h1>   <form action="LoginAction.action" method="post">       <table>          <tr>             <td>username:</td>             <td><input type="text" name="username"/></td>          </tr>           <tr>             <td>password:</td>             <td><input type="password" name="password"/></td>          </tr>                 <tr>              <td><input type="submit" value="submit"></td>             <td><input type="reset" value="reset"></td>          </tr>              </table>       </form>  </body></html>

loginSuccess.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'loginSuccess.jsp' starting page</title>        <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>      <h1>login success!</h1>  </body></html>

User.java

package com.third;public class User {    private String username;    private String password;            public String getUsername() {        return username;    }    public void setUsername(String username) {        this.username = username;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    }

TimeInterceptor.java

 1 package com.third; 2  3 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; 4  5 import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext; 6  7 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation; 8 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.Interceptor; 9 10 public class TimeInterceptor implements Interceptor {11 12     @Override13     public void destroy() {14         // TODO Auto-generated method stub15 16     }17 18     @Override19     public void init() {20         // TODO Auto-generated method stub21 22     }23 24     @Override25     public String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation) throws Exception {26         HttpServletRequest request=ServletActionContext.getRequest();27         String username=request.getParameter("username");28         String password=request.getParameter("password");29         request.setAttribute("username", username);30         //1执行action之前31         long start=System.currentTimeMillis();32         //2执行下一个拦截器,直到最后一个拦截器,则执行目标Action33         String result=invocation.invoke();34         //3执行完action之后35         long end=System.currentTimeMillis();36         System.out.println("执行Action花费的时间为:"+(end-start)+"ms");37         return result;38     }39 40 }

 

 

LoginAction.java

 1 package com.third; 2  3 import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext; 4  5 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext; 6 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; 7 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven; 8 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.inject.Context; 9 10 public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport implements ModelDriven<User> {11 12     private User user=new User();13     public String login(){
//着重看着两行代码运行打印的结果
14 System.out.println("username:"+user.getUsername());
//System.out.println("username:"+ServletContext.getRequest().getAttribute("username");//这里也可完成正常的获值
15 System.out.println("username:"+ServletActionContext.getRequest().getAttribute("username"));
16 return SUCCESS;17 }18 19 @Override20 public User getModel() {21 22 return user;23 }24 25 }

运行结果截图:

注:注意看结果,打印的第一个username的属性值为null,而第二个为表单填写的dasd。这里涉及到拦截器的使用导致的表单传值问题。

分析:拦截器的使用导致的表单传值问题

原因:登陆界面填写完成之后,表单需要实现页面跳转,而这些将会交给struts,struts在调用action的过程其实是调用action中的struts.xml配置action标签method属性指定的方法(默认是execute()),而在调用这个方法前会对表单的属性信息将会别匹配赋值给action中同名属性。正常情况下没有自定义的拦截器,通过表单传递的属性值没有问题。

要完成这个功能,有很大程度上, Struts 2 要依赖与 ValueStack 对象。这个对象贯穿整个 Action 的生命周期 (每个 Action 类的对象实例会拥有一个 ValueStack 对象 ) 。当 Struts 2 接收到一个 action 的请求后,会先建立Action 类的对象实例,但不会调用 Action 方法,而是先将 Action 类的相应属性放到 ValueStack 对象的顶层节点(ValueStack 对象相当于一个栈 ). 只是所有的属性值都是默认的值,如 String 类型的属性值为 null,int 类型的属性值为 0 等。

   在处理完上述工作后, Struts 2 就会调用拦截器链中的拦截器,当调用完所有的拦截器后,最后会调用 Action 类的 Action 方法,在调用 Action 方法之前,会将 ValueStack 对象顶层节点中的属性值赋给 Action 类中相应的属性。大家要注意,在这里就给我们带来了很大的灵活性。也就是说,在 Struts 2 调用拦截器的过程中,可以改变ValueStack 对象中属性的值,当改变某个属性值后, Action 类的相应属性值就会变成在拦截器中最后改变该属性的这个值。

好多废话~总结就是:在拥有自定义的过滤器时,表单传属性值会先赋值给Action中属性,当运行完过滤器时,才会调用Action中的方法,在调用之前会将 ValueStack 对象中的默认初始化值赋给action中的属性,然后调用action中的方法,这样action中的属性全是ValueStack 对象中的默认初始化值。

解决的方法:间接访问Servlet的API,通过request对象去访问属性和属性值。如:

HttpServletRequest request=ServletActionContext.getRequest();

String username=request.getParameter("username");

2、方式二:继承AbstractInterceptor类

-提供了init()和destroy()方法的实现

-只需要实现intercept()方法即可

代码:

struts.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd"><struts>      <package name="default" namespace="/" extends="struts-default">   <!--注册拦截器  -->      <interceptors>                 <interceptor name="timefigureFilter1" class="com.third1.TimeInterceptor">         </interceptor>      </interceptors>             <action name="TimeAction" class="com.third1.TimeAction">        <result>/index.jsp</result>        <!--引用拦截器  -->        <interceptor-ref name="timefigureFilter1"></interceptor-ref>      </action>         </package>  </struts>    

TimeInterceptor.java

 1 package com.third1; 2  3 import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext; 4  5 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation; 6 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor; 7  8 public class TimeInterceptor extends AbstractInterceptor { 9 10     @Override11     public String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation) throws Exception {12         //1.执行action之前13         long start=System.currentTimeMillis();14         //2.执行下一个拦截器,如果已经是最后一个拦截器,则执行目标Action15         16         ServletActionContext.getRequest().setAttribute("username", "小帅哥");17         ServletActionContext.getRequest().getSession().setAttribute("username","小美女");18         ServletActionContext.getServletContext().setAttribute("username", "少艾");19         String result=invocation.invoke();20         //3.执行Action之后21         long end=System.currentTimeMillis();22         System.out.println("执行Action花费的时间:"+(end-start)+"ms");23         //获取request对象,调用其setAttribute函数,将时间作为属性保存到request对象中24         ServletActionContext.getRequest().setAttribute("time", (end-start));25         ServletActionContext.getRequest().getSession().setAttribute("time1",(end-start));26         ServletActionContext.getServletContext().setAttribute("time2", (end-start));27         return result;28     }29 30 }

TimeAction.java

 1 package com.third1; 2  3 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; 4  5 public class TimeAction extends ActionSupport { 6  7     @Override 8     public String execute() throws Exception{ 9         10         for(int i=0;i<3;i++){11             Thread.sleep(1000);12         }13         return SUCCESS;14     }15 }

index.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'index.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">        <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">    <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">    <!--    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">    -->  </head>    <body>      <h1>执行Action用户名:<%=request.getAttribute("username") %>(通过request方式获取)</h1>   <h1>执行Action用户名:<%=session.getAttribute("username") %>(通过session方式获取)</h1>   <h1>执行Action用户名:<%=application.getAttribute("username") %>(通过application方式获取)</h1>     <h1>执行Action花费的时间:<%=request.getAttribute("time") %>(通过request方式获取)</h1>   <h1>执行Action花费的时间:<%=session.getAttribute("time1") %>(通过session方式获取)</h1>   <h1>执行Action花费的时间:<%=application.getAttribute("time2") %>(通过application方式获取)</h1>  </body></html>

运行结果截图:

分析:对比两种颜色标记的代码区,对比一下他们,并且结合结果进行分析。我们不难发现过滤器的调用分为两个阶段,第一个阶段是在产生HttpServletRequest请求之后、action方法调用之前;第二阶段是产生与action之后,jsp页面(Template显示)跳转之后,HttpServletResponse之前。所以当你在String result=invocation.invoke();   这条语句之后通过request,application,session给它设置属性值,将会没有起到任何作用。

可以结合struts2的工作原理及文件结构图进行参考。

 

 

 

 

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