路由器逆向分析------QEMU的下载和安装（Linux平台）

本文博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/qq1084283172/article/details/68953160

一、QEMU源码的下载和编译

QEMU源码的github下载地址：https://github.com/qemu/qemu。

QEMU源码的官方网站下载地址：http://www.qemu-project.org/download/。

QEMU的官方参考的博客的地址：http://www.qemu-project.org/blog/。

QEMU的用户帮助文档的参考地址：https://qemu.weilnetz.de/doc/qemu-doc.html。

QEMU的旧版本的所有工程源码下载地址：http://wiki.qemu-project.org/OlderNews。

QEMU的新版本的所有工程源码下载地址：http://wiki.qemu-project.org/Main_Page#News。

<1>.QEMU官方文档给出的直接安装QEMU的方法：

Linux

QEMU is packaged by most Linux distributions:

# Arch平台的安装:  $ pacman -S qemu# Debian/Ubuntu平台的安装:  $ apt-get  install  qemu# Fedora平台的安装:  $ dnf  install  @virtualization# Gentoo平台的安装:  $ emerge --ask app-emulation/qemu# RHEL/CentOS平台的安装:  $ yum install qemu-kvm# SUSE平台的安装:  $ zypper install qemu

macOS

QEMU can be installed from Homebrew:

$ brew install qemu

QEMU requires Mac OS X 10.5 or later, but it is recommended to use Mac OS X 10.7 or later.

Windows

Stefan Weil provides binaries and installers for both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows.

# ubuntu下直接安装QEMU$ sudo apt-get  install  qemu

<2>.QEMU官方文档给出的两种下载和编译QEMU的方法。

1.To download and build QEMU 2.9.0-rc2:

wget http://download.qemu-project.org/qemu-2.9.0-rc2.tar.xztar xvJf qemu-2.9.0-rc2.tar.xzcd qemu-2.9.0-rc2./configuremake

2.To download and build QEMU from git:

git clone git://git.qemu-project.org/qemu.gitcd qemugit submodule initgit submodule update --recursive./configuremake

The latest development happens on the master branch. The stable trees are located in branches named stable-X.YY branch, where X.YY is the release version.

<3>.QEMU工程源码编译需要安装的依赖库文件。

经过参考QEMU官方的文档：http://wiki.qemu-project.org/Hosts/Linux 了解到 QEMU on Linux hosts 即在Linux系统上，下载和编译QEMU还需要安装一些必要的依赖库文件。

QEMU on Linux hosts

This documentation is work in progress - more information needs to be added for different Linux distributions.

Linux is QEMU's main host platform. Therefore it is the platform which gets most support. Both 32 and 64 bit Linux hosts are supported. Most of the following instructions are valid for both variants.

Building QEMU for Linux

Most Linux distributions already provide binary packages for QEMU (or KVM).

Usually they also include all packages which are needed to compile QEMU for Linux. The default installation of most distributions will not include everything, so you have to install some additional packages before you can build QEMU.

Fedora Linux / Debian GNU Linux / Ubuntu Linux / Linux Mint

Fedora, Debian and Debian based or similar distributions normally include compiler and compilation tools (gcc, make, ...) in their default installation.

Required additional packages（必须安装）

• git (30 MiB), version manager
• glib2.0-dev (9 MiB), this automatically includes zlib1g-dev
• libfdt-devel

For Ubuntu LTS Trusty (and maybe other Debian based distributions), all required additional packages can be installed like this:

sudo apt-get install git libglib2.0-dev libfdt-dev libpixman-1-dev zlib1g-dev

For Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or CentOS 7 all required additional packages can be installed like this:

yum install git glib2-devel libfdt-devel pixman-devel zlib-devel

Recommended additional packages（推荐安装）

• git-email, used for sending patches
• libsdl1.2-dev (23 MiB), needed for the SDL based graphical user interface
• gtk2-devel, for a simple UI instead of VNC
• vte-devel, for access to QEMU monitor and serial/console devices via the GTK interface

The above list is far from being complete. For maximum code coverage, as many QEMU features as possible should be enabled. When running configure, you should get many lines with "yes" and only a few with "no".

For Ubuntu Trusty (and maybe other Debian based distributions), all recommended additional packages for maximum code coverage can be installed like this:

sudo apt-get install git-emailsudo apt-get install libaio-dev libbluetooth-dev libbrlapi-dev libbz2-devsudo apt-get install libcap-dev libcap-ng-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libgtk-3-devsudo apt-get install libibverbs-dev libjpeg8-dev libncurses5-dev libnuma-devsudo apt-get install librbd-dev librdmacm-devsudo apt-get install libsasl2-dev libsdl1.2-dev libseccomp-dev libsnappy-dev libssh2-1-devsudo apt-get install libvde-dev libvdeplug-dev libvte-2.90-dev libxen-dev liblzo2-devsudo apt-get install valgrind xfslibs-dev 

Newer versions of Debian / Ubuntu might also try these additional packages:

sudo apt-get install libnfs-dev libiscsi-dev

Those packages also exist in Ubuntu Trusty, but they are too old for QEMU.

For Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or CentOS 7 some of the additional recommended packages can be installed like this:

sudo yum install libaio-devel libcap-devel libiscsi-devel

<4>.QEMU下载和安装的整个步骤。

Linux下，根据QEMU的官方文档整理出来的下载和安装QEMU的正确步骤。

# 安装编译QEMU源码工程需要安装的依赖库文件$ sudo apt-get update# 必须安装的$ sudo apt-get install git libglib2.0-dev libfdt-dev libpixman-1-dev zlib1g-dev# 推荐可选安装的$ sudo apt-get install git-email$ sudo apt-get install libaio-dev libbluetooth-dev libbrlapi-dev libbz2-dev$ sudo apt-get install libcap-dev libcap-ng-dev libcurl4-gnutls-dev libgtk-3-dev$ sudo apt-get install libibverbs-dev libjpeg8-dev libncurses5-dev libnuma-dev$ sudo apt-get install librbd-dev librdmacm-dev$ sudo apt-get install libsasl2-dev libsdl1.2-dev libseccomp-dev libsnappy-dev libssh2-1-dev$ sudo apt-get install libvde-dev libvdeplug-dev libvte-2.90-dev libxen-dev liblzo2-dev$ sudo apt-get install valgrind xfslibs-dev # 最新版的Debian/Ubuntu可能还需要安装的（可选）sudo apt-get install libnfs-dev libiscsi-dev# 安装QEMU到opt文件夹下$ cd  /opt# 下载QEMU的源码$ sudo git clone git://git.qemu-project.org/qemu.git$ cd qemu$ sudo git submodule init$ sudo git submodule update --recursive# 执行脚本文件，生成Makefile文件$ sudo ./configure --static# 编译QEMU的源码$ sudo make# 安装QEMU程序$ sudo make install

根据《揭秘家用路由器0day漏洞挖掘技术》这本书整理出来的QEMU源码下载和安装的步骤，亲测也是有效的。

# 安装依赖库文件$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install libglib2.0 libglib2.0-dev$ sudo apt-get install autoconf automake libtool# 下载QEMU的源码$ cd  /opt$ sudo git clone git://git.qemu-project.org/qemu.git$ cd qemu$ sudo git submodule update --init pixman$ sudo git submodule update --init dtc# 编译和安装QEMU$ (sudo ./configure --static && sudo make &&　sudo make install)

<5>.关于修改QEMU的源码。

在低版本的QEMU中存在一个bug，在运行一个MIPS程序时，可能会遇到不论是使用大端格式的qemu-mips还是使用小端格式的qemu-mipsel都会报告错误。在嵌入式的系统中为了节省内存空间并且ELF文件在执行的时候，只会参考ELF文件的可执行视图，因此不会考虑section结构相关的信息，ELF文件的section相关的信息可以去除掉，但是在QEMU中有对ELF文件的section相关信息的检查导致了bug的存在。有关QEMU的这个bug的详情可以参考文章：http://www.devttys0.com/2011/12/qemu-vs-sstrip/。

Qemu usually does a great job emulating embedded Linux applications, but as with anything you will occasionally run into bugs. While attempting to debug an embedded application in Qemu the other day, I ran into the following error:

eve@eve:~/firmware$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips bin/ls bin/ls: Invalid ELF image for this architecture

This error is usually indicative of using the wrong endian emulator, but I knew that the target binary was big endian MIPS. The file utility began to shed some light on the issue:

eve@eve:~/firmware$ file bin/busybox bin/busybox: ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), corrupted section header size

Hmmm, a corrupted section header? Let’s take a closer look at the binary.

Readelf will give us some more detailed information:

ELF Header:  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   Class:                             ELF32  Data:                              2's complement, big endian  Version:                           1 (current)  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V  ABI Version:                       0  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)  Machine:                           MIPS R3000  Version:                           0x1  Entry point address:               0x4052a0  Start of program headers:          52 (bytes into file)  Start of section headers:          0 (bytes into file)  Flags:                             0x1007, noreorder, pic, cpic, o32, mips1  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)  Size of program headers:           32 (bytes)  Number of program headers:         6  Size of section headers:           0 (bytes)  Number of section headers:         0  Section header string table index: 0

Sure enough, the section headers had been stripped out of the ELF binary. This is commonly done by tools such as sstrip in order to save precious storage space on embedded devices, and since section headers are not required in order to execute the program this shouldn’t prevent Qemu from loading the binary.

A quick grep of Qemu’s source quickly found the culprit in linux-user/elfload.c:

static bool elf_check_ehdr(struct elfhdr *ehdr){    return (elf_check_arch(ehdr->e_machine)            && ehdr->e_ehsize == sizeof(struct elfhdr)            && ehdr->e_phentsize == sizeof(struct elf_phdr)            && ehdr->e_shentsize == sizeof(struct elf_shdr)            && (ehdr->e_type == ET_EXEC || ehdr->e_type == ET_DYN));}

Even thoughsection headers aren’t required to load an ELF file,the elf_check_ehdr function expects the section header size to equal the size of the elf_shdr structure;simply commenting out this line and re-compiling did the trick:

eve@eve:~/firmware$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips bin/ls bin        lib        qemu-mips  tmp       vardev        home       sbin       usr       

A patch has been submitted, but if you need this to work now it’s a quick and easy fix.

在低版本的QEMU源码中，在编译和安装之前需要如下修改 /qemu/linux-user/elfload.c文件中的 elf_check_ehdr 函数 的代码：

在最新版本的QEMU源码中，这个bug已经被修复了，不需要做任何的代码修改，直接编译就好：

<6>.运行测试QEMU程序。

使用通过 binwalk提取 的路由器的文件系统，执行下面的命令进行测试：

# 拷贝qemu-mipsel程序到固件文件系统的根目录$ cp $(which qemu-mipsel) ./qemu# 赋予qemu-mipsel程序可执行权限$ chmod +x qemu# 执行路由器固件的ls程序$ sudo chroot . ./qemu ./bin/ls# 或者$ sudo chroot . ./qemu  bin/ls

QEMU测试的结果截图：

测试结果截图2：

$ sudo chroot . ./qemu usr/bin/wget

<6>.QEMU程序的命令行帮助（以qemu-mipsel为例）。

fly2016@ubuntu:~$ qemu-mipsel -husage: qemu-mipsel [options] program [arguments...]Linux CPU emulator (compiled for mipsel emulation)Options and associated environment variables:Argument      Env-variable      Description-h                              print this help-help                           -g port       QEMU_GDB          wait gdb connection to 'port'-L path       QEMU_LD_PREFIX    set the elf interpreter prefix to 'path'-s size       QEMU_STACK_SIZE   set the stack size to 'size' bytes-cpu model    QEMU_CPU          select CPU (-cpu help for list)-E var=value  QEMU_SET_ENV      sets targets environment variable (see below)-U var        QEMU_UNSET_ENV    unsets targets environment variable (see below)-0 argv0      QEMU_ARGV0        forces target process argv[0] to be 'argv0'-r uname      QEMU_UNAME        set qemu uname release string to 'uname'-B address    QEMU_GUEST_BASE   set guest_base address to 'address'-R size       QEMU_RESERVED_VA  reserve 'size' bytes for guest virtual address space-d item[,...] QEMU_LOG          enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of items)-D logfile    QEMU_LOG_FILENAME write logs to 'logfile' (default stderr)-p pagesize   QEMU_PAGESIZE     set the host page size to 'pagesize'-singlestep   QEMU_SINGLESTEP   run in singlestep mode-strace       QEMU_STRACE       log system calls-seed         QEMU_RAND_SEED    Seed for pseudo-random number generator-trace        QEMU_TRACE        [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]-version      QEMU_VERSION      display version information and exitDefaults:QEMU_LD_PREFIX  = /usr/gnemul/qemu-mipselQEMU_STACK_SIZE = 8388608 byteYou can use -E and -U options or the QEMU_SET_ENV andQEMU_UNSET_ENV environment variables to set and unsetenvironment variables for the target process.It is possible to provide several variables by separating themby commas in getsubopt(3) style. Additionally it is possible toprovide the -E and -U options multiple times.The following lines are equivalent:    -E var1=val2 -E var2=val2 -U LD_PRELOAD -U LD_DEBUG    -E var1=val2,var2=val2 -U LD_PRELOAD,LD_DEBUG    QEMU_SET_ENV=var1=val2,var2=val2 QEMU_UNSET_ENV=LD_PRELOAD,LD_DEBUGNote that if you provide several changes to a single variablethe last change will stay in effect.