Python常用系统库str、math、os、socket

Python常用系统库str、math、os、socket。

1、字符串函数库。

Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 10 2012, 23:31:26) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.######################################################################################字符串函数库不需要导入################################################################################>>> help(str)Help on class str in module __builtin__:class str(basestring) |  str(object) -> string |   |  Return a nice string representation of the object. |  If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. |   |  Method resolution order: |      str |      basestring |      object |   |  Methods defined here: |   |  __add__(...) |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y |   |  __contains__(...) |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x |   |  __eq__(...) |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y |   |  __format__(...) |      S.__format__(format_spec) -> string |       |      Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec. |   |  __ge__(...) |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y |   |  __getattribute__(...) |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name |   |  __getitem__(...) |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] |   |  __getnewargs__(...) |   |  __getslice__(...) |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] |       |      Use of negative indices is not supported. |   |  __gt__(...) |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y |   |  __hash__(...) |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) |   |  __le__(...) |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y |   |  __len__(...) |      x.__len__() <==> len(x) |   |  __lt__(...) |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y |   |  __mod__(...) |      x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y |   |  __mul__(...) |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n |   |  __ne__(...) |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y |   |  __repr__(...) |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) |   |  __rmod__(...) |      x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x |   |  __rmul__(...) |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x |   |  __sizeof__(...) |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes |   |  __str__(...) |      x.__str__() <==> str(x) |   |  capitalize(...) |      S.capitalize() -> string |       |      Return a copy of the string S with only its first character |      capitalized. |   |  center(...) |      S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string |       |      Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space) |   |  count(...) |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int |       |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted |      as in slice notation. |   |  decode(...) |      S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object |       |      Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults |      to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise |      a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' |      as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is |      able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. |   |  encode(...) |      S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object |       |      Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults |      to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise |      a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and |      'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with |      codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. |   |  endswith(...) |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool |       |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position. |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. |   |  expandtabs(...) |      S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string |       |      Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. |   |  find(...) |      S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int |       |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. |       |      Return -1 on failure. |   |  format(...) |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string |       |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}'). |   |  index(...) |      S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int |       |      Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. |   |  isalnum(...) |      S.isalnum() -> bool |       |      Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. |   |  isalpha(...) |      S.isalpha() -> bool |       |      Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. |   |  isdigit(...) |      S.isdigit() -> bool |       |      Return True if all characters in S are digits |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. |   |  islower(...) |      S.islower() -> bool |       |      Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. |   |  isspace(...) |      S.isspace() -> bool |       |      Return True if all characters in S are whitespace |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. |   |  istitle(...) |      S.istitle() -> bool |       |      Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one |      character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False |      otherwise. |   |  isupper(...) |      S.isupper() -> bool |       |      Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. |   |  join(...) |      S.join(iterable) -> string |       |      Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the |      iterable.  The separator between elements is S. |   |  ljust(...) |      S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string |       |      Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space). |   |  lower(...) |      S.lower() -> string |       |      Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. |   |  lstrip(...) |      S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode |       |      Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping |   |  partition(...) |      S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) |       |      Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, |      the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not |      found, return S and two empty strings. |   |  replace(...) |      S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string |       |      Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring |      old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is |      given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. |   |  rfind(...) |      S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int |       |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. |       |      Return -1 on failure. |   |  rindex(...) |      S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int |       |      Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. |   |  rjust(...) |      S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string |       |      Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space) |   |  rpartition(...) |      S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) |       |      Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return |      the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the |      separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. |   |  rsplit(...) |      S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings |       |      Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the |      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working |      to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are |      done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string |      is a separator. |   |  rstrip(...) |      S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode |       |      Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping |   |  split(...) |      S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings |       |      Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the |      delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit |      splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any |      whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed |      from the result. |   |  splitlines(...) |      S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings |       |      Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends |      is given and true. |   |  startswith(...) |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool |       |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position. |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. |   |  strip(...) |      S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode |       |      Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing |      whitespace removed. |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. |      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping |   |  swapcase(...) |      S.swapcase() -> string |       |      Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters |      converted to lowercase and vice versa. |   |  title(...) |      S.title() -> string |       |      Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. |   |  translate(...) |      S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string |       |      Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring |      in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the |      remaining characters have been mapped through the given |      translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None. |      If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and |      the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars. |   |  upper(...) |      S.upper() -> string |       |      Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. |   |  zfill(...) |      S.zfill(width) -> string |       |      Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field |      of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated. |   |  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |  Data and other attributes defined here: |   |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T>>> >>> >>> s4 = ababababababTraceback (most recent call last):  File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>    s4 = ababababababNameError: name 'abababababab' is not defined>>> s4 = 'abababababab2222'>>> s4.replace('ab','AB')'ABABABABABAB2222'

2、数学函数库。

####################################################################################数学函数库##########################################################################################>>> import math>>> val = math.sin(3.14/6)>>> print val0.499770102643>>> math.pi3.141592653589793>>> val = math.sin(math.pi / 6)>>> print val0.5>>> help (math)Help on built-in module math:NAME    mathFILE    (built-in)DESCRIPTION    This module is always available.  It provides access to the    mathematical functions defined by the C standard.FUNCTIONS    acos(...)        acos(x)                Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.        acosh(...)        acosh(x)                Return the hyperbolic arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.        asin(...)        asin(x)                Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.        asinh(...)        asinh(x)                Return the hyperbolic arc sine (measured in radians) of x.        atan(...)        atan(x)                Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.        atan2(...)        atan2(y, x)                Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.        Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.        atanh(...)        atanh(x)                Return the hyperbolic arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.        ceil(...)        ceil(x)                Return the ceiling of x as a float.        This is the smallest integral value >= x.        copysign(...)        copysign(x, y)                Return x with the sign of y.        cos(...)        cos(x)                Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).        cosh(...)        cosh(x)                Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.        degrees(...)        degrees(x)                Convert angle x from radians to degrees.        erf(...)        erf(x)                Error function at x.        erfc(...)        erfc(x)                Complementary error function at x.        exp(...)        exp(x)                Return e raised to the power of x.        expm1(...)        expm1(x)                Return exp(x)-1.        This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct evaluation of exp(x)-1 for small x.        fabs(...)        fabs(x)                Return the absolute value of the float x.        factorial(...)        factorial(x) -> Integral                Find x!. Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral.        floor(...)        floor(x)                Return the floor of x as a float.        This is the largest integral value <= x.        fmod(...)        fmod(x, y)                Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C.  x % y may differ.        frexp(...)        frexp(x)                Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e).        m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e.        If x is 0, m and e are both 0.  Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.        fsum(...)        fsum(iterable)                Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable.        Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic.        gamma(...)        gamma(x)                Gamma function at x.        hypot(...)        hypot(x, y)                Return the Euclidean distance, sqrt(x*x + y*y).        isinf(...)        isinf(x) -> bool                Check if float x is infinite (positive or negative).        isnan(...)        isnan(x) -> bool                Check if float x is not a number (NaN).        ldexp(...)        ldexp(x, i)                Return x * (2**i).        lgamma(...)        lgamma(x)                Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x.        log(...)        log(x[, base])                Return the logarithm of x to the given base.        If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.        log10(...)        log10(x)                Return the base 10 logarithm of x.        log1p(...)        log1p(x)                Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e).        The result is computed in a way which is accurate for x near zero.        modf(...)        modf(x)                Return the fractional and integer parts of x.  Both results carry the sign        of x and are floats.        pow(...)        pow(x, y)                Return x**y (x to the power of y).        radians(...)        radians(x)                Convert angle x from degrees to radians.        sin(...)        sin(x)                Return the sine of x (measured in radians).        sinh(...)        sinh(x)                Return the hyperbolic sine of x.        sqrt(...)        sqrt(x)                Return the square root of x.        tan(...)        tan(x)                Return the tangent of x (measured in radians).        tanh(...)        tanh(x)                Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.        trunc(...)        trunc(x:Real) -> Integral                Truncates x to the nearest Integral toward 0. Uses the __trunc__ magic method.DATA    e = 2.718281828459045    pi = 3.141592653589793>>> math.pow(3,4)81.0>>> 3**481>>> 

3、os函数库。

####################################################################################os函数库##########################################################################################>>> import os>>> os.getcwd()'C:\\Python27'>>> help(os.getcwd)Help on built-in function getcwd in module nt:getcwd(...)    getcwd() -> path        Return a string representing the current working directory.>>> help(os)Help on module os:NAME    os - OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.FILE    c:\python27\lib\os.pyDESCRIPTION    This exports:      - all functions from posix, nt, os2, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.      - os.path is one of the modules posixpath, or ntpath      - os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'os2', 'ce' or 'riscos'      - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':')      - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::')      - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\\')      - os.extsep is the extension separator ('.' or '/')      - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')      - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc      - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')      - os.defpath is the default search path for executables      - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)        Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being    portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then    only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink    and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path    (e.g., split and join).CLASSES    __builtin__.object        nt.stat_result        nt.statvfs_result    exceptions.EnvironmentError(exceptions.StandardError)        exceptions.OSError        error = class OSError(EnvironmentError)     |  OS system call failed.     |       |  Method resolution order:     |      OSError     |      EnvironmentError     |      StandardError     |      Exception     |      BaseException     |      __builtin__.object     |       |  Methods defined here:     |       |  __init__(...)     |      x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes defined here:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from EnvironmentError:     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __str__(...)     |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from EnvironmentError:     |       |  errno     |      exception errno     |       |  filename     |      exception filename     |       |  strerror     |      exception strerror     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:     |       |  __delattr__(...)     |      x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name     |       |  __getattribute__(...)     |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __setattr__(...)     |      x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value     |       |  __setstate__(...)     |       |  __unicode__(...)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:     |       |  __dict__     |       |  args     |       |  message        class stat_result(__builtin__.object)     |  stat_result: Result from stat or lstat.     |       |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of     |    (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)     |  or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.     |       |  Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,     |  or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.     |       |  See os.stat for more information.     |       |  Methods defined here:     |       |  __add__(...)     |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y     |       |  __contains__(...)     |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x     |       |  __eq__(...)     |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y     |       |  __ge__(...)     |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __gt__(...)     |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y     |       |  __hash__(...)     |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)     |       |  __le__(...)     |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y     |       |  __len__(...)     |      x.__len__() <==> len(x)     |       |  __lt__(...)     |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y     |       |  __mul__(...)     |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n     |       |  __ne__(...)     |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __rmul__(...)     |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors defined here:     |       |  st_atime     |      time of last access     |       |  st_ctime     |      time of last change     |       |  st_dev     |      device     |       |  st_gid     |      group ID of owner     |       |  st_ino     |      inode     |       |  st_mode     |      protection bits     |       |  st_mtime     |      time of last modification     |       |  st_nlink     |      number of hard links     |       |  st_size     |      total size, in bytes     |       |  st_uid     |      user ID of owner     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes defined here:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  n_fields = 13     |       |  n_sequence_fields = 10     |       |  n_unnamed_fields = 3        class statvfs_result(__builtin__.object)     |  statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.     |       |  This object may be accessed either as a tuple of     |    (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),     |  or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.     |       |  See os.statvfs for more information.     |       |  Methods defined here:     |       |  __add__(...)     |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y     |       |  __contains__(...)     |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x     |       |  __eq__(...)     |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y     |       |  __ge__(...)     |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __gt__(...)     |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y     |       |  __hash__(...)     |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)     |       |  __le__(...)     |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y     |       |  __len__(...)     |      x.__len__() <==> len(x)     |       |  __lt__(...)     |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y     |       |  __mul__(...)     |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n     |       |  __ne__(...)     |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __rmul__(...)     |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors defined here:     |       |  f_bavail     |       |  f_bfree     |       |  f_blocks     |       |  f_bsize     |       |  f_favail     |       |  f_ffree     |       |  f_files     |       |  f_flag     |       |  f_frsize     |       |  f_namemax     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes defined here:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  n_fields = 10     |       |  n_sequence_fields = 10     |       |  n_unnamed_fields = 0FUNCTIONS    abort(...)        abort() -> does not return!                Abort the interpreter immediately.  This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails        in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.        access(...)        access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise                Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.  Note that most        operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can        be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the        specified access to the path.  The mode argument can be F_OK to test        existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.        chdir(...)        chdir(path)                Change the current working directory to the specified path.        chmod(...)        chmod(path, mode)                Change the access permissions of a file.        close(...)        close(fd)                Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).        closerange(...)        closerange(fd_low, fd_high)                Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.        dup(...)        dup(fd) -> fd2                Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.        dup2(...)        dup2(old_fd, new_fd)                Duplicate file descriptor.        execl(file, *args)        execl(file, *args)                Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the        current process.        execle(file, *args)        execle(file, *args, env)                Execute the executable file with argument list args and        environment env, replacing the current process.        execlp(file, *args)        execlp(file, *args)                Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)        with argument list args, replacing the current process.        execlpe(file, *args)        execlpe(file, *args, env)                Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)        with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current        process.        execv(...)        execv(path, args)                Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.                    path: path of executable file            args: tuple or list of strings        execve(...)        execve(path, args, env)                Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.                    path: path of executable file            args: tuple or list of arguments            env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings        execvp(file, args)        execvp(file, args)                Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)        with argument list args, replacing the current process.        args may be a list or tuple of strings.        execvpe(file, args, env)        execvpe(file, args, env)                Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)        with argument list args and environment env , replacing the        current process.        args may be a list or tuple of strings.        fdopen(...)        fdopen(fd [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> file_object                Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.        fstat(...)        fstat(fd) -> stat result                Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.        fsync(...)        fsync(fildes)                force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.        getcwd(...)        getcwd() -> path                Return a string representing the current working directory.        getcwdu(...)        getcwdu() -> path                Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.        getenv(key, default=None)        Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.        The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.        getpid(...)        getpid() -> pid                Return the current process id        isatty(...)        isatty(fd) -> bool                Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor        connected to the slave end of a terminal.        kill(...)        kill(pid, sig)                Kill a process with a signal.        listdir(...)        listdir(path) -> list_of_strings                Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.                    path: path of directory to list                The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special        entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.        lseek(...)        lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos                Set the current position of a file descriptor.        lstat(...)        lstat(path) -> stat result                Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.        makedirs(name, mode=511)        makedirs(path [, mode=0777])                Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.        Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not        just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist.  This is        recursive.        mkdir(...)        mkdir(path [, mode=0777])                Create a directory.        open(...)        open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd                Open a file (for low level IO).        pipe(...)        pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)                Create a pipe.        popen(...)        popen(command [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> pipe                Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.        popen2(...)        popen3(...)        popen4(...)        putenv(...)        putenv(key, value)                Change or add an environment variable.        read(...)        read(fd, buffersize) -> string                Read a file descriptor.        remove(...)        remove(path)                Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).        removedirs(name)        removedirs(path)                Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate        ones.  Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is        successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path        segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is        consumed or an error occurs.  Errors during this latter phase are        ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.        rename(...)        rename(old, new)                Rename a file or directory.        renames(old, new)        renames(old, new)                Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left        empty.  Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate        directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted        first.  After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost        path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the        whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.                Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made        if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or        file.        rmdir(...)        rmdir(path)                Remove a directory.        spawnl(mode, file, *args)        spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer                Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.        If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.        If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;        otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.        spawnle(mode, file, *args)        spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer                Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the        supplied environment.        If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.        If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;        otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.        spawnv(...)        spawnv(mode, path, args)                Execute the program 'path' in a new process.                    mode: mode of process creation            path: path of executable file            args: tuple or list of strings        spawnve(...)        spawnve(mode, path, args, env)                Execute the program 'path' in a new process.                    mode: mode of process creation            path: path of executable file            args: tuple or list of arguments            env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings        startfile(...)        startfile(filepath [, operation]) - Start a file with its associated        application.                When "operation" is not specified or "open", this acts like        double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an        argument to the DOS "start" command: the file is opened with whatever        application (if any) its extension is associated.        When another "operation" is given, it specifies what should be done with        the file.  A typical operation is "print".                startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.        There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way        to retrieve the application's exit status.                The filepath is relative to the current directory.  If you want to use        an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash ("/");        the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.        stat(...)        stat(path) -> stat result                Perform a stat system call on the given path.        stat_float_times(...)        stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval                Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.        If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False,        future calls return ints.         If newval is omitted, return the current setting.        strerror(...)        strerror(code) -> string                Translate an error code to a message string.        system(...)        system(command) -> exit_status                Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.        tempnam(...)        tempnam([dir[, prefix]]) -> string                Return a unique name for a temporary file.        The directory and a prefix may be specified as strings; they may be omitted        or None if not needed.        times(...)        times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)                Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.        tmpfile(...)        tmpfile() -> file object                Create a temporary file with no directory entries.        tmpnam(...)        tmpnam() -> string                Return a unique name for a temporary file.        umask(...)        umask(new_mask) -> old_mask                Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.        unlink(...)        unlink(path)                Remove a file (same as remove(path)).        urandom(...)        urandom(n) -> str                Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.        utime(...)        utime(path, (atime, mtime))        utime(path, None)                Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values.  If the        second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.        waitpid(...)        waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status << 8)                Wait for completion of a given process.  options is ignored on Windows.        walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)        Directory tree generator.                For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top        itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple                    dirpath, dirnames, filenames                dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of        the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').        filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.        Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.        To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in        dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).                If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a        directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories        (directories are generated top down).  If topdown is false, the triple        for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its        subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).                When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place        (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the        subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune        the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting.  Modifying        dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in        dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is        generated.                By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored.  If        optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it        will be called with one argument, an os.error instance.  It can        report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception        to abort the walk.  Note that the filename is available as the        filename attribute of the exception object.                By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on        systems that support them.  In order to get this functionality, set the        optional argument 'followlinks' to true.                Caution:  if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the        current working directory between resumptions of walk.  walk never        changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't        either.                Example:                import os        from os.path import join, getsize        for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):            print root, "consumes",            print sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]),            print "bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files"            if 'CVS' in dirs:                dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories        write(...)        write(fd, string) -> byteswritten                Write a string to a file descriptor.DATA    F_OK = 0    O_APPEND = 8    O_BINARY = 32768    O_CREAT = 256    O_EXCL = 1024    O_NOINHERIT = 128    O_RANDOM = 16    O_RDONLY = 0    O_RDWR = 2    O_SEQUENTIAL = 32    O_SHORT_LIVED = 4096    O_TEMPORARY = 64    O_TEXT = 16384    O_TRUNC = 512    O_WRONLY = 1    P_DETACH = 4    P_NOWAIT = 1    P_NOWAITO = 3    P_OVERLAY = 2    P_WAIT = 0    R_OK = 4    SEEK_CUR = 1    SEEK_END = 2    SEEK_SET = 0    TMP_MAX = 32767    W_OK = 2    X_OK = 1    __all__ = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'extsep', 'pathsep', '...    altsep = '/'    curdir = '.'    defpath = r'.;C:\bin'    devnull = 'nul'    environ = {'TMP': 'C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1.9Z8\\AppData\\Local...ILE': 'C:...    extsep = '.'    linesep = '\r\n'    name = 'nt'    pardir = '..'    pathsep = ';'    sep = r'\'>>> currentdir = os.getcwd()>>> print currentdirC:\Python27>>> help (os.listdir)Help on built-in function listdir in module nt:listdir(...)    listdir(path) -> list_of_strings        Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.            path: path of directory to list        The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special    entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.>>> ldirs = os.listdir(currentdir)>>> print ldirs['build', 'dist', 'DLLs', 'Doc', 'include', 'Lib', 'libs', 'LICENSE.txt', 'NEWS.txt', 'py2exe-wininst.log', 'python.exe', 'pythonw.exe', 'README.txt', 'Removepy2exe.exe', 'Scripts', 'tcl', 'Tools', 'w9xpopen.exe']>>> >>> 

4、socket函数库。

####################################################################################socket函数库######################################################################################>>> import socket>>> baiduip = socket gethostbyname('www.baidu.com')SyntaxError: invalid syntax>>> baiduip = socket.gethostbyname('www.baidu.com')>>> print baiduip14.215.177.38>>> help(socket.gethostbyname)Help on built-in function gethostbyname in module _socket:gethostbyname(...)    gethostbyname(host) -> address        Return the IP address (a string of the form '255.255.255.255') for a host.>>> help(socket)Help on module socket:NAME    socketFILE    c:\python27\lib\socket.pyDESCRIPTION    This module provides socket operations and some related functions.    On Unix, it supports IP (Internet Protocol) and Unix domain sockets.    On other systems, it only supports IP. Functions specific for a    socket are available as methods of the socket object.        Functions:        socket() -- create a new socket object    socketpair() -- create a pair of new socket objects [*]    fromfd() -- create a socket object from an open file descriptor [*]    gethostname() -- return the current hostname    gethostbyname() -- map a hostname to its IP number    gethostbyaddr() -- map an IP number or hostname to DNS info    getservbyname() -- map a service name and a protocol name to a port number    getprotobyname() -- map a protocol name (e.g. 'tcp') to a number    ntohs(), ntohl() -- convert 16, 32 bit int from network to host byte order    htons(), htonl() -- convert 16, 32 bit int from host to network byte order    inet_aton() -- convert IP addr string (123.45.67.89) to 32-bit packed format    inet_ntoa() -- convert 32-bit packed format IP to string (123.45.67.89)    ssl() -- secure socket layer support (only available if configured)    socket.getdefaulttimeout() -- get the default timeout value    socket.setdefaulttimeout() -- set the default timeout value    create_connection() -- connects to an address, with an optional timeout and                           optional source address.         [*] not available on all platforms!        Special objects:        SocketType -- type object for socket objects    error -- exception raised for I/O errors    has_ipv6 -- boolean value indicating if IPv6 is supported        Integer constants:        AF_INET, AF_UNIX -- socket domains (first argument to socket() call)    SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_RAW -- socket types (second argument)        Many other constants may be defined; these may be used in calls to    the setsockopt() and getsockopt() methods.CLASSES    __builtin__.object        _socketobject        _socketobject    exceptions.IOError(exceptions.EnvironmentError)        error            gaierror            herror            timeout        SocketType = class _socketobject(__builtin__.object)     |  socket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object     |       |  Open a socket of the given type.  The family argument specifies the     |  address family; it defaults to AF_INET.  The type argument specifies     |  whether this is a stream (SOCK_STREAM, this is the default)     |  or datagram (SOCK_DGRAM) socket.  The protocol argument defaults to 0,     |  specifying the default protocol.  Keyword arguments are accepted.     |       |  A socket object represents one endpoint of a network connection.     |       |  Methods of socket objects (keyword arguments not allowed):     |       |  accept() -- accept a connection, returning new socket and client address     |  bind(addr) -- bind the socket to a local address     |  close() -- close the socket     |  connect(addr) -- connect the socket to a remote address     |  connect_ex(addr) -- connect, return an error code instead of an exception     |  dup() -- return a new socket object identical to the current one [*]     |  fileno() -- return underlying file descriptor     |  getpeername() -- return remote address [*]     |  getsockname() -- return local address     |  getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen]) -- get socket options     |  gettimeout() -- return timeout or None     |  listen(n) -- start listening for incoming connections     |  makefile([mode, [bufsize]]) -- return a file object for the socket [*]     |  recv(buflen[, flags]) -- receive data     |  recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]) -- receive data (into a buffer)     |  recvfrom(buflen[, flags]) -- receive data and sender's address     |  recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes, [, flags])     |    -- receive data and sender's address (into a buffer)     |  sendall(data[, flags]) -- send all data     |  send(data[, flags]) -- send data, may not send all of it     |  sendto(data[, flags], addr) -- send data to a given address     |  setblocking(0 | 1) -- set or clear the blocking I/O flag     |  setsockopt(level, optname, value) -- set socket options     |  settimeout(None | float) -- set or clear the timeout     |  shutdown(how) -- shut down traffic in one or both directions     |       |   [*] not available on all platforms!     |       |  Methods defined here:     |       |  __init__(self, family=2, type=1, proto=0, _sock=None)     |       |  accept(self)     |      accept() -> (socket object, address info)     |           |      Wait for an incoming connection.  Return a new socket representing the     |      connection, and the address of the client.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  bind(...)     |      bind(address)     |           |      Bind the socket to a local address.  For IP sockets, the address is a     |      pair (host, port); the host must refer to the local host. For raw packet     |      sockets the address is a tuple (ifname, proto [,pkttype [,hatype]])     |       |  close(self, _closedsocket=<class 'socket._closedsocket'>, _delegate_methods=('recv', 'recvfrom', 'recv_into', 'recvfrom_into', 'send', 'sendto'), setattr=<built-in function setattr>)     |      close()     |           |      Close the socket.  It cannot be used after this call.     |       |  connect(...)     |      connect(address)     |           |      Connect the socket to a remote address.  For IP sockets, the address     |      is a pair (host, port).     |       |  connect_ex(...)     |      connect_ex(address) -> errno     |           |      This is like connect(address), but returns an error code (the errno value)     |      instead of raising an exception when an error occurs.     |       |  dup(self)     |      dup() -> socket object     |           |      Return a new socket object connected to the same system resource.     |       |  fileno(...)     |      fileno() -> integer     |           |      Return the integer file descriptor of the socket.     |       |  getpeername(...)     |      getpeername() -> address info     |           |      Return the address of the remote endpoint.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  getsockname(...)     |      getsockname() -> address info     |           |      Return the address of the local endpoint.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  getsockopt(...)     |      getsockopt(level, option[, buffersize]) -> value     |           |      Get a socket option.  See the Unix manual for level and option.     |      If a nonzero buffersize argument is given, the return value is a     |      string of that length; otherwise it is an integer.     |       |  gettimeout(...)     |      gettimeout() -> timeout     |           |      Returns the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket      |      operations. A timeout of None indicates that timeouts on socket      |      operations are disabled.     |       |  ioctl(...)     |      ioctl(cmd, option) -> long     |           |      Control the socket with WSAIoctl syscall. Currently supported 'cmd' values are     |      SIO_RCVALL:  'option' must be one of the socket.RCVALL_* constants.     |      SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS:  'option' is a tuple of (onoff, timeout, interval).     |       |  listen(...)     |      listen(backlog)     |           |      Enable a server to accept connections.  The backlog argument must be at     |      least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of     |      unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new     |      connections.     |       |  makefile(self, mode='r', bufsize=-1)     |      makefile([mode[, bufsize]]) -> file object     |           |      Return a regular file object corresponding to the socket.  The mode     |      and bufsize arguments are as for the built-in open() function.     |       |  sendall(...)     |      sendall(data[, flags])     |           |      Send a data string to the socket.  For the optional flags     |      argument, see the Unix manual.  This calls send() repeatedly     |      until all data is sent.  If an error occurs, it's impossible     |      to tell how much data has been sent.     |       |  setblocking(...)     |      setblocking(flag)     |           |      Set the socket to blocking (flag is true) or non-blocking (false).     |      setblocking(True) is equivalent to settimeout(None);     |      setblocking(False) is equivalent to settimeout(0.0).     |       |  setsockopt(...)     |      setsockopt(level, option, value)     |           |      Set a socket option.  See the Unix manual for level and option.     |      The value argument can either be an integer or a string.     |       |  settimeout(...)     |      settimeout(timeout)     |           |      Set a timeout on socket operations.  'timeout' can be a float,     |      giving in seconds, or None.  Setting a timeout of None disables     |      the timeout feature and is equivalent to setblocking(1).     |      Setting a timeout of zero is the same as setblocking(0).     |       |  shutdown(...)     |      shutdown(flag)     |           |      Shut down the reading side of the socket (flag == SHUT_RD), the writing side     |      of the socket (flag == SHUT_WR), or both ends (flag == SHUT_RDWR).     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors defined here:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  family     |      the socket family     |       |  proto     |      the socket protocol     |       |  recv     |       |  recv_into     |       |  recvfrom     |       |  recvfrom_into     |       |  send     |       |  sendto     |       |  type     |      the socket type        class error(exceptions.IOError)     |  Method resolution order:     |      error     |      exceptions.IOError     |      exceptions.EnvironmentError     |      exceptions.StandardError     |      exceptions.Exception     |      exceptions.BaseException     |      __builtin__.object     |       |  Data descriptors defined here:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __init__(...)     |      x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __str__(...)     |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  errno     |      exception errno     |       |  filename     |      exception filename     |       |  strerror     |      exception strerror     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __delattr__(...)     |      x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name     |       |  __getattribute__(...)     |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __setattr__(...)     |      x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value     |       |  __setstate__(...)     |       |  __unicode__(...)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __dict__     |       |  args     |       |  message        class gaierror(error)     |  Method resolution order:     |      gaierror     |      error     |      exceptions.IOError     |      exceptions.EnvironmentError     |      exceptions.StandardError     |      exceptions.Exception     |      exceptions.BaseException     |      __builtin__.object     |       |  Data descriptors inherited from error:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __init__(...)     |      x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __str__(...)     |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  errno     |      exception errno     |       |  filename     |      exception filename     |       |  strerror     |      exception strerror     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __delattr__(...)     |      x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name     |       |  __getattribute__(...)     |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __setattr__(...)     |      x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value     |       |  __setstate__(...)     |       |  __unicode__(...)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __dict__     |       |  args     |       |  message        class herror(error)     |  Method resolution order:     |      herror     |      error     |      exceptions.IOError     |      exceptions.EnvironmentError     |      exceptions.StandardError     |      exceptions.Exception     |      exceptions.BaseException     |      __builtin__.object     |       |  Data descriptors inherited from error:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __init__(...)     |      x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __str__(...)     |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  errno     |      exception errno     |       |  filename     |      exception filename     |       |  strerror     |      exception strerror     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __delattr__(...)     |      x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name     |       |  __getattribute__(...)     |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __setattr__(...)     |      x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value     |       |  __setstate__(...)     |       |  __unicode__(...)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __dict__     |       |  args     |       |  message        socket = class _socketobject(__builtin__.object)     |  socket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object     |       |  Open a socket of the given type.  The family argument specifies the     |  address family; it defaults to AF_INET.  The type argument specifies     |  whether this is a stream (SOCK_STREAM, this is the default)     |  or datagram (SOCK_DGRAM) socket.  The protocol argument defaults to 0,     |  specifying the default protocol.  Keyword arguments are accepted.     |       |  A socket object represents one endpoint of a network connection.     |       |  Methods of socket objects (keyword arguments not allowed):     |       |  accept() -- accept a connection, returning new socket and client address     |  bind(addr) -- bind the socket to a local address     |  close() -- close the socket     |  connect(addr) -- connect the socket to a remote address     |  connect_ex(addr) -- connect, return an error code instead of an exception     |  dup() -- return a new socket object identical to the current one [*]     |  fileno() -- return underlying file descriptor     |  getpeername() -- return remote address [*]     |  getsockname() -- return local address     |  getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen]) -- get socket options     |  gettimeout() -- return timeout or None     |  listen(n) -- start listening for incoming connections     |  makefile([mode, [bufsize]]) -- return a file object for the socket [*]     |  recv(buflen[, flags]) -- receive data     |  recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]) -- receive data (into a buffer)     |  recvfrom(buflen[, flags]) -- receive data and sender's address     |  recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes, [, flags])     |    -- receive data and sender's address (into a buffer)     |  sendall(data[, flags]) -- send all data     |  send(data[, flags]) -- send data, may not send all of it     |  sendto(data[, flags], addr) -- send data to a given address     |  setblocking(0 | 1) -- set or clear the blocking I/O flag     |  setsockopt(level, optname, value) -- set socket options     |  settimeout(None | float) -- set or clear the timeout     |  shutdown(how) -- shut down traffic in one or both directions     |       |   [*] not available on all platforms!     |       |  Methods defined here:     |       |  __init__(self, family=2, type=1, proto=0, _sock=None)     |       |  accept(self)     |      accept() -> (socket object, address info)     |           |      Wait for an incoming connection.  Return a new socket representing the     |      connection, and the address of the client.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  bind(...)     |      bind(address)     |           |      Bind the socket to a local address.  For IP sockets, the address is a     |      pair (host, port); the host must refer to the local host. For raw packet     |      sockets the address is a tuple (ifname, proto [,pkttype [,hatype]])     |       |  close(self, _closedsocket=<class 'socket._closedsocket'>, _delegate_methods=('recv', 'recvfrom', 'recv_into', 'recvfrom_into', 'send', 'sendto'), setattr=<built-in function setattr>)     |      close()     |           |      Close the socket.  It cannot be used after this call.     |       |  connect(...)     |      connect(address)     |           |      Connect the socket to a remote address.  For IP sockets, the address     |      is a pair (host, port).     |       |  connect_ex(...)     |      connect_ex(address) -> errno     |           |      This is like connect(address), but returns an error code (the errno value)     |      instead of raising an exception when an error occurs.     |       |  dup(self)     |      dup() -> socket object     |           |      Return a new socket object connected to the same system resource.     |       |  fileno(...)     |      fileno() -> integer     |           |      Return the integer file descriptor of the socket.     |       |  getpeername(...)     |      getpeername() -> address info     |           |      Return the address of the remote endpoint.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  getsockname(...)     |      getsockname() -> address info     |           |      Return the address of the local endpoint.  For IP sockets, the address     |      info is a pair (hostaddr, port).     |       |  getsockopt(...)     |      getsockopt(level, option[, buffersize]) -> value     |           |      Get a socket option.  See the Unix manual for level and option.     |      If a nonzero buffersize argument is given, the return value is a     |      string of that length; otherwise it is an integer.     |       |  gettimeout(...)     |      gettimeout() -> timeout     |           |      Returns the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket      |      operations. A timeout of None indicates that timeouts on socket      |      operations are disabled.     |       |  ioctl(...)     |      ioctl(cmd, option) -> long     |           |      Control the socket with WSAIoctl syscall. Currently supported 'cmd' values are     |      SIO_RCVALL:  'option' must be one of the socket.RCVALL_* constants.     |      SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS:  'option' is a tuple of (onoff, timeout, interval).     |       |  listen(...)     |      listen(backlog)     |           |      Enable a server to accept connections.  The backlog argument must be at     |      least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of     |      unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new     |      connections.     |       |  makefile(self, mode='r', bufsize=-1)     |      makefile([mode[, bufsize]]) -> file object     |           |      Return a regular file object corresponding to the socket.  The mode     |      and bufsize arguments are as for the built-in open() function.     |       |  sendall(...)     |      sendall(data[, flags])     |           |      Send a data string to the socket.  For the optional flags     |      argument, see the Unix manual.  This calls send() repeatedly     |      until all data is sent.  If an error occurs, it's impossible     |      to tell how much data has been sent.     |       |  setblocking(...)     |      setblocking(flag)     |           |      Set the socket to blocking (flag is true) or non-blocking (false).     |      setblocking(True) is equivalent to settimeout(None);     |      setblocking(False) is equivalent to settimeout(0.0).     |       |  setsockopt(...)     |      setsockopt(level, option, value)     |           |      Set a socket option.  See the Unix manual for level and option.     |      The value argument can either be an integer or a string.     |       |  settimeout(...)     |      settimeout(timeout)     |           |      Set a timeout on socket operations.  'timeout' can be a float,     |      giving in seconds, or None.  Setting a timeout of None disables     |      the timeout feature and is equivalent to setblocking(1).     |      Setting a timeout of zero is the same as setblocking(0).     |       |  shutdown(...)     |      shutdown(flag)     |           |      Shut down the reading side of the socket (flag == SHUT_RD), the writing side     |      of the socket (flag == SHUT_WR), or both ends (flag == SHUT_RDWR).     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors defined here:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  family     |      the socket family     |       |  proto     |      the socket protocol     |       |  recv     |       |  recv_into     |       |  recvfrom     |       |  recvfrom_into     |       |  send     |       |  sendto     |       |  type     |      the socket type        class timeout(error)     |  Method resolution order:     |      timeout     |      error     |      exceptions.IOError     |      exceptions.EnvironmentError     |      exceptions.StandardError     |      exceptions.Exception     |      exceptions.BaseException     |      __builtin__.object     |       |  Data descriptors inherited from error:     |       |  __weakref__     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __init__(...)     |      x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data and other attributes inherited from exceptions.IOError:     |       |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>     |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  __reduce__(...)     |       |  __str__(...)     |      x.__str__() <==> str(x)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.EnvironmentError:     |       |  errno     |      exception errno     |       |  filename     |      exception filename     |       |  strerror     |      exception strerror     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Methods inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __delattr__(...)     |      x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name     |       |  __getattribute__(...)     |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name     |       |  __getitem__(...)     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]     |       |  __getslice__(...)     |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]     |           |      Use of negative indices is not supported.     |       |  __repr__(...)     |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)     |       |  __setattr__(...)     |      x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value     |       |  __setstate__(...)     |       |  __unicode__(...)     |       |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------     |  Data descriptors inherited from exceptions.BaseException:     |       |  __dict__     |       |  args     |       |  messageFUNCTIONS    create_connection(address, timeout=<object object>, source_address=None)        Connect to *address* and return the socket object.                Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.        getaddrinfo(...)        getaddrinfo(host, port [, family, socktype, proto, flags])            -> list of (family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr)                Resolve host and port into addrinfo struct.        getdefaulttimeout(...)        getdefaulttimeout() -> timeout                Returns the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects.        A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout.        When the socket module is first imported, the default is None.        getfqdn(name='')        Get fully qualified domain name from name.                An empty argument is interpreted as meaning the local host.                First the hostname returned by gethostbyaddr() is checked, then        possibly existing aliases. In case no FQDN is available, hostname        from gethostname() is returned.        gethostbyaddr(...)        gethostbyaddr(host) -> (name, aliaslist, addresslist)                Return the true host name, a list of aliases, and a list of IP addresses,        for a host.  The host argument is a string giving a host name or IP number.        gethostbyname(...)        gethostbyname(host) -> address                Return the IP address (a string of the form '255.255.255.255') for a host.        gethostbyname_ex(...)        gethostbyname_ex(host) -> (name, aliaslist, addresslist)                Return the true host name, a list of aliases, and a list of IP addresses,        for a host.  The host argument is a string giving a host name or IP number.        gethostname(...)        gethostname() -> string                Return the current host name.        getnameinfo(...)        getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags) --> (host, port)                Get host and port for a sockaddr.        getprotobyname(...)        getprotobyname(name) -> integer                Return the protocol number for the named protocol.  (Rarely used.)        getservbyname(...)        getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname]) -> integer                Return a port number from a service name and protocol name.        The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp',        otherwise any protocol will match.        getservbyport(...)        getservbyport(port[, protocolname]) -> string                Return the service name from a port number and protocol name.        The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp',        otherwise any protocol will match.        htonl(...)        htonl(integer) -> integer                Convert a 32-bit integer from host to network byte order.        htons(...)        htons(integer) -> integer                Convert a 16-bit integer from host to network byte order.        inet_aton(...)        inet_aton(string) -> packed 32-bit IP representation                Convert an IP address in string format (123.45.67.89) to the 32-bit packed        binary format used in low-level network functions.        inet_ntoa(...)        inet_ntoa(packed_ip) -> ip_address_string                Convert an IP address from 32-bit packed binary format to string format        ntohl(...)        ntohl(integer) -> integer                Convert a 32-bit integer from network to host byte order.        ntohs(...)        ntohs(integer) -> integer                Convert a 16-bit integer from network to host byte order.        setdefaulttimeout(...)        setdefaulttimeout(timeout)                Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects.        A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout.        When the socket module is first imported, the default is None.DATA    AF_APPLETALK = 16    AF_DECnet = 12    AF_INET = 2    AF_INET6 = 23    AF_IPX = 6    AF_IRDA = 26    AF_SNA = 11    AF_UNSPEC = 0    AI_ADDRCONFIG = 1024    AI_ALL = 256    AI_CANONNAME = 2    AI_NUMERICHOST = 4    AI_NUMERICSERV = 8    AI_PASSIVE = 1    AI_V4MAPPED = 2048    CAPI = <capsule object "_socket.CAPI">    EAI_AGAIN = 11002    EAI_BADFLAGS = 10022    EAI_FAIL = 11003    EAI_FAMILY = 10047    EAI_MEMORY = 8    EAI_NODATA = 11001    EAI_NONAME = 11001    EAI_SERVICE = 10109    EAI_SOCKTYPE = 10044    INADDR_ALLHOSTS_GROUP = -536870911    INADDR_ANY = 0    INADDR_BROADCAST = -1    INADDR_LOOPBACK = 2130706433    INADDR_MAX_LOCAL_GROUP = -536870657    INADDR_NONE = -1    INADDR_UNSPEC_GROUP = -536870912    IPPORT_RESERVED = 1024    IPPORT_USERRESERVED = 5000    IPPROTO_ICMP = 1    IPPROTO_IP = 0    IPPROTO_RAW = 255    IPPROTO_TCP = 6    IPPROTO_UDP = 17    IPV6_CHECKSUM = 26    IPV6_DONTFRAG = 14    IPV6_HOPLIMIT = 21    IPV6_HOPOPTS = 1    IPV6_JOIN_GROUP = 12    IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP = 13    IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS = 10    IPV6_MULTICAST_IF = 9    IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP = 11    IPV6_PKTINFO = 19    IPV6_RECVRTHDR = 38    IPV6_RTHDR = 32    IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS = 4    IPV6_V6ONLY = 27    IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP = 12    IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP = 13    IP_HDRINCL = 2    IP_MULTICAST_IF = 9    IP_MULTICAST_LOOP = 11    IP_MULTICAST_TTL = 10    IP_OPTIONS = 1    IP_RECVDSTADDR = 25    IP_TOS = 3    IP_TTL = 4    MSG_CTRUNC = 512    MSG_DONTROUTE = 4    MSG_OOB = 1    MSG_PEEK = 2    MSG_TRUNC = 256    NI_DGRAM = 16    NI_MAXHOST = 1025    NI_MAXSERV = 32    NI_NAMEREQD = 4    NI_NOFQDN = 1    NI_NUMERICHOST = 2    NI_NUMERICSERV = 8    RCVALL_MAX = 3    RCVALL_OFF = 0    RCVALL_ON = 1    RCVALL_SOCKETLEVELONLY = 2    SHUT_RD = 0    SHUT_RDWR = 2    SHUT_WR = 1    SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS = 2550136836L    SIO_RCVALL = 2550136833L    SOCK_DGRAM = 2    SOCK_RAW = 3    SOCK_RDM = 4    SOCK_SEQPACKET = 5    SOCK_STREAM = 1    SOL_IP = 0    SOL_SOCKET = 65535    SOL_TCP = 6    SOL_UDP = 17    SOMAXCONN = 2147483647    SO_ACCEPTCONN = 2    SO_BROADCAST = 32    SO_DEBUG = 1    SO_DONTROUTE = 16    SO_ERROR = 4103    SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE = -5    SO_KEEPALIVE = 8    SO_LINGER = 128    SO_OOBINLINE = 256    SO_RCVBUF = 4098    SO_RCVLOWAT = 4100    SO_RCVTIMEO = 4102    SO_REUSEADDR = 4    SO_SNDBUF = 4097    SO_SNDLOWAT = 4099    SO_SNDTIMEO = 4101    SO_TYPE = 4104    SO_USELOOPBACK = 64    TCP_MAXSEG = 4    TCP_NODELAY = 1    __all__ = ['getfqdn', 'create_connection', 'AF_APPLETALK', 'AF_DECnet'...    errorTab = {10004: 'The operation was interrupted.', 10009: 'A bad fil...    has_ipv6 = True>>>